Title: Typhoid Fever<br/>Author: Walid Hammad<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/882/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p>
<strong><em>General information:</em></strong></p>
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· <em>Salmonella typhi</em> – transmission through fecal-oral, contaminated food, human carriers</p>
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· Most cases in the US acquired abroad – Africa, Latin American, Asia</p>
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· Vaccine available – not life-long immunity, need 1-2 weeks to take effect</p>
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<strong><em>Clinical Presentation:</em></strong></p>
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· sustained high fever (103-104)</p>
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· <strong>Faget sign</strong>: fever and bradycardia (also seen in yellow fever, atypical pneumonia, tularemia, brucellosis, Colorado tick fever))</p>
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· Abdominal pain, GI bleed/perforation, hepatosplenomegaly, delirium</p>
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· “<strong>Rose spots</strong>” – erythematous macular rash over chest and abdomen</p>
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· Without treatment sx can resolve after 3-4 weeks, mortality from secondary infections 12-30%</p>
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<strong><em>Diagnosis:</em></strong></p>
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· Pan-culture for <em>S. typhi</em></p>
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· Serologic: Widal test (negative for 1<sup>st</sup> week of symptoms, 7-14 days to result)</p>
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<strong><em>Treatment:</em></strong></p>
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· Abx: amoxicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin</p>
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· MDR typhoid: ceftriaxone or Azithromycine 1<sup>st</sup> line</p>
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<strong><em>Bottom Line:</em></strong></p>
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· Get vaccinated if travelling to endemic areas 1-2 weeks before travel</p>
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· Suspect in travelers to endemic areas with sustained high fevers</p>
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· Spontaneous resolution does occur but may become carriers without abx</p>
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<strong><em>Famous victims or Typhoid fever:</em></strong></p>
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· Wilbur Wright (Wright brothers)</p>
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· Prince Albert (Queen Victoria’s husband)</p>
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· Hakaru Hashimoto (discovered Hashimoto’s thyroiditis)</p>
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· Abigail Adams (1<sup>st</sup> Lady, wife of John Adams)</p>
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<strong>University of Maryland Section of Global Emergency Health</strong></p>
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<strong>Author: Veronica Pei, MD</strong></p>