Title: Determination of Brain Death<br/>Author: Feras Khan<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/1145/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p>
<strong>Determination of Brain Death</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
With the recent media spotlight on brain death (irreversible end of brain activity) due to a few recent cases, it would be helpful to review the definition.</li>
<li>
Rule out alternative causes including hypothermia, drug-induced coma, metabolic abnormalities, or severe electrolyte disturbances.</li>
<li>
A clear irreversible cause must be known based on history and diagnostic studies.</li>
</ul>
<p>
<strong>Clinical Examination</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
Patient should be unresponsive to verbal or noxious stimulation, with the exception of spinally mediated responses.</li>
<li>
Absence of Brainstem Reflexes</li>
<li>
No pupillary response</li>
<li>
Absent corneal reflex</li>
<li>
Absent gag and cough reflex</li>
<li>
Absent cervico-ocular reflex (Doll’s Eyes Maneuver)</li>
<li>
Absent vestibulo-ocular reflex (Cold Calorics)</li>
<li>
Apnea Testing (disconnecting the ventilator and evaluating respiratory drive)</li>
</ul>
<p>
If apnea testing cannot be performed due to instability, hypoxia, or cardiac arrhythmias, then a confirmatory test should be performed (from highest to lowest sensitivity):</p>
<ol>
<li>
Angiography (lack of intracranial flow)</li>
<li>
EEG</li>
<li>
Transcranial Doppler</li>
<li>
Technetium-99 brain scan</li>
<li>
Somatosensory evoked potentials</li>
</ol>
<p>
There is state to state variation on who can perform the test and how many separate examinations need to be performed before brain death can be legally declared.</p>
<p>
For a great review on some of the pitfalls in making the diagnosis and difficulties with the examination, please see the attached article.</p>
<p>
</p>
<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
<div class="cit" style="font-size: 0.8465em; line-height: 1.45em; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;">
<span role="menubar"><a abstractlink="yes" alsec="jour" alterm="N Engl J Med." aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11309637#" role="menuitem" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); border-bottom-width: 0px;" title="The New England journal of medicine.">N Engl J Med.</a></span> 2001 Apr 19;344(16):1215-21.</div>
<h1 style="font-size: 1.231em; margin: 0.375em 0px; line-height: 1.125em; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;">
The diagnosis of brain death.</h1>
<div class="auths" style="font-size: 0.923em; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Wijdicks%20EF%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=11309637" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); border-bottom-width: 0px;">Wijdicks EF</a>.</div>
</fieldset>