Title: Maintenance Sodium in the Pediatric Patient<br/>Author: Jennifer Guyther<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/314/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><div>
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What sodium base should be given to children who are unable to eat? Recent studies have suggested that the traditional teaching of 0.45% normal saline (NS), 0.33% NS or 0.2% NS may cause iatrogenic hyponatremia when compared to an isotonic solution (0.9% NS, Ringers lactate or Hartmann's solution). </div>
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A meta-analysis of 8 studies with 855 patients examined the rate of hyponatremia when using hypotonic versus isotonic solutions.</div>
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-Studies included were randomized controlled trials with children age 1 month to 17 years.</div>
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-Children needing any type of resuscitation were excluded.</div>
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-Hyponatremia was defined as a sodium < 136 mmol/L.</div>
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-There is a higher risk when using hypotonic fluids for developing hyponatremia (RR 2.24) and severe hyponatremia (RR 5.29).</div>
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-The decrease in sodium was greater when hypotonic solutions were used.</div>
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-No significant difference in the rate of hypernatremia (Na>150 mmol/L)</div>
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-The type of fluid given (not rate) correlated with the risk of hyponatremia.</div>
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-Conclusions could not be drawn on the clinical significance of the iatrogenic hyponatremia</div>
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<strong>Bottom line:</strong> Make a conscience decision about maintenance fluids. Be sure to monitor Na levels for patients that you place on maintenance fluids and who are in your ED for prolonged periods of time.</div>
<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
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Wang et al. Isotonic Versus Hypotonic Maintenance IV Fluids in Hospitalized Children: A Meta-Analysis. Pediatrics 2014; 133;105. </p>
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