Title: Don’t Muddy the Water: Know when to get a stool sample for acute diarrhea <br/>Author: Andrea Tenner<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/1069/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p>
<strong><em>General Information:</em></strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
Acute diarrheal illness is a common cause of morbidity and mortality disproportionately affecting low and middle income countries</li>
<li>
Acute diarrhea poses the greatest threat to the immunocompromised, children, and the elderly</li>
<li>
Stool samples are costly and frequently don’t provide information altering the course of treatment in acute, non-severe diarrhea</li>
<li>
However, for <em>acute </em>diarrhea, a <em>single </em>stool sample should be obtained when diarrhea is associated with:</li>
<li style="margin-left: 1in;">
fever (≥38.5°C)</li>
<li style="margin-left: 1in;">
a severe coexisting condition in a hospitalized patient on antibiotics</li>
<li style="margin-left: 1in;">
persistent diarrhea (≥14 days)</li>
<li style="margin-left: 1in;">
profuse cholera-like watery diarrhea</li>
<li style="margin-left: 1in;">
dehydration</li>
<li style="margin-left: 1in;">
dysentery</li>
<li style="margin-left: 1in;">
an elderly or immunocompromised patient</li>
<li style="margin-left: 1in;">
food handlers, nursing home residents, and daycare workers</li>
<li>
The stool sample must be processed by the lab within 4 hours to directly visualize parasites and within 12 hours for routine microbiologic staining.</li>
</ul>
<p>
<strong><em>Bottom Line for the EM Physician: </em></strong>Use these guidelines to test stool only when helpful to patient care and avoid flushing resources down the toilet.</p>
<p>
<strong>University of Maryland Section of Global Emergency Health</strong></p>
<p>
<strong>Author: Alex Skog</strong></p>
<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
<p>
DuPont HL. Acute infectious diarrhea in immunocompetent adults. N Engl J Med. 2014 Apr 17;370(16):1532–40.</p>
<p>
Fischer Walker CL, Perin J, Aryee MJ, Boschi-Pinto C, Black RE. Diarrhea incidence in low- and middle-income countries in 1990 and 2010: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:220.</p>
</fieldset>