Title: NAC (N-acetylcysteine) for acetaminophen poisoning<br/>Author: Hong Kim<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/526/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p>
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NAC is an effective antidote against acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity in preventing acute hepatotoxicity. It provides cysteine that is essential for glutathione synthesis and its availability is rate limiting.</p>
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Currently, PO and IV formulation is available in the U.S. Regardless of the route, NAC is equally effective in preventing APAP induced acute hepatotoxicity when administered within 8 hours after single acute ingestion. <sup>1</sup></p>
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Adverse effects of NAC</p>
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1. Anaphylactoid reaction</p>
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a. More frequently reported with IV administration and during the first regimen of NAC (150 mg/kg over 60 min) administration. (dose and rate dependent)</p>
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b. Higher risk of anaphylactoid reaction in patients with negative APAP vs. patients with elevated APAP level.<sup>2</sup></p>
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c. Management: Benadryl as needed and slow infusion rate.</p>
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2. Hyponatremia in children if inappropriate volume of diluent (D5W) used. Dose calculator: <a href="http://acetadote.com/dosecalc.php">http://acetadote.com/dosecalc.php</a></p>
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3. Laboratory: increase Prothrombin time (PT).<font size="1">3</font></p>
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4. Fatality from iatrogenic NAC overdose has been reported.</p>
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Advantage of IV NAC</p>
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1. Convenience</p>
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2. 100% bioavailability</p>
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3. Shorter hospital length of stay</p>
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4. Minimum GI symptoms (nausea & vomiting) compared to PO route</p>
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Indication of IV NAC</p>
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1. Severe hepatotoxicity or fulminant liver failure</p>
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2. APAP poisoning during pregnancy</p>
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3. Unable to tolerate PO intake (nausea, vomiting, altered mental status)</p>
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However many clinicians administer IV NAC for their advantages over PO NAC.</p>
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Take home message:</p>
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1. PO and IV NAC are equally effective when administered within 8 hours after single acute ingestion.</p>
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2. Anaphylactoid reaction is frequently encountered AE during the infusion of 1<sup>st</sup> NAC regimen and patients with negative/low APAP level may be at higher risk.</p>
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3. No emergent need to start NAC in presumed acetaminophen overdose patients prior to obtaining APAP level.</p>
<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
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Prescott L. Oral or intravenous N-Acetylcysteine for acetaminophen poisoning? Ann Emerg Med 2005;45:409-413.</li>
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Schmidt LE. Identification of patients at risk of anaphylactoid reactions to N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of paracetamol overdose. Clin Toxicol 2013;51:467-472.</li>
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Jang DH et al. In vitro study of N-acetylcysteine on coagulation factors in plasma samples from healthy subjects. J med Toxicol 2012;9:49-53.</li>
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