Title: Environmental Hyperthermia: Is it heat exhaustion or heat stroke?<br/>Author: Jon Mark Hirshon<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/96/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p>
Hyperthermia can be defined as a core body temperature > 38.5ºC. In contrast to fever, the body’s temperature rises uncontrollably and the body is not able to dissipate the heat. There can be many causes of hyperthermia, including from environmental exposure. </p>
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There are two main environmental heat illnesses, heat exhaustion and heat stroke.</p>
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<u>Heat exhaustion:</u></p>
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Vague malaise, fatigue, headache</li>
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Core temperature may be normal or elevated (below 40ºC) </li>
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May have tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, clinical dehydration</li>
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Liver function tests (transaminases) may be normal or elevated</li>
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IMPORTANT- there is no altered mental status (i.e.: no coma or seizures)</li>
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<u>Heat stroke</u></p>
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Usually tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, clinical dehydration</li>
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May have hot, dry skin, but not always</li>
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Liver function tests (transaminases) are markedly elevated</li>
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May have rhabdomyolysis and renal failure</li>
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IMPORTANT- Signs of altered mental status (i.e.: coma, seizure, delirium)</li>
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Mortality may be up to 33%</li>
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<u>Bottom line:</u></p>
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Heat stroke is a life threatening emergency.
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Early recognition and rapid appropriate therapy can save a life</li>
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The most effective cooling is evaporative cooling along with ice packs</li>
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<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
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Management of the hyperthermic patient. Calvello EJ, Hu K, Khoujah D. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2011 Oct;72(10):571-5</p>
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Cooling Techniques for Hyperthermia by Schraga ED, Kates LW. Available at: <a href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/149546-overview">http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/149546-overview</a></p>
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