Title: Valproic acid toxicity<br/>Author: Hong Kim<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/526/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p>
Valproic acid (VPA) is often used to treat seizure disorder and mania as a mood stabilizer. The mechanism of action involves enhancing GABA effect by preventing its degradation and slows the recovery from inactivation of neuronal Na<sup>+</sup> channels (blockade effect).</p>
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VPA normally undergoes beta-oxidation (same as fatty acid metabolism) in the liver mitochondria, where VPA is transported into the mitochondria by carnitine shuttle pathway.</p>
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In setting of an overdose, carnitine is depleted and VPA undergoes omega-oxidation in the cytosol, resulting in a toxic metabolite.</p>
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Elevation NH<sub>3</sub> occurs as the toxic metabolite inhibits the carbomyl phosphate synthase I, preventing the incorporation of NH<sub>3</sub> into the urea cycle.</p>
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Signs and symptoms of acute toxicity include:</p>
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GI: nausea/vomiting, hepatitis</li>
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CNS: sedation, respiratory depression, ataxia, seizure and coma/encephalopathy (with serum concentration VPA: > 500 mg/mL)</li>
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Laboratory abnormalities</p>
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Serum VPA level: signs of symptoms of toxicity does not correlate well with serum level.</li>
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NH<sub>3</sub>: elevated</li>
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Liver function test: elevated AST/ALT</li>
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Basic metabolic panel: hypernatremia, metabolic acidosis</li>
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Complete blood count: pancytopenia</li>
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Treatment: L-carnitine</p>
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Indication: hyperammonemia or hepatotoxicity</li>
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Symptomatic patients: 100 mg/kg (max 6 gm) IV (over 30 min) followed by 15 mg/kg IV Q 4 hours until normalization of NH3 or improving LFT</li>
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Asymptomatic patients: 100 mg/kg/day (max 3 mg) divided Q 6 hours.</li>
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<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
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Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies 9th ed. P 705</p>
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