Title: Emergency Physician Bedside Ultrasound for Appendicitis<br/>Author: Ashley Strobel<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/resident/743/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p align="center">
<strong>Emergency Physician Bedside Ultrasound for Appendicitis</strong></p>
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<strong>Why? </strong></p>
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To reduce length of stay, improve patient care, and reduce radiation exposure in young patients.</p>
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<strong>How?</strong></p>
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Start with pain medication so you get a better study. (Consider intranasal fentanyl for quicker pain relief and diagnostics in pediatrics.) Study results are also improved with a slim body habitus.</p>
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Place the patient supine</p>
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Use a high-frequency linear array transducer</p>
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Start at the point of maximal tenderness in the RLQ</p>
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Transverse and longitudinal planes “graded compression” to displace overlying bowel gas which usually has peristalsis (See Sivitz, et al article for images of “graded compression”)</p>
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Appendix is usually anterior to the psoas muscle and iliac vein and artery as landmarks</p>
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Measure from outer wall to outer wall at the most inflamed portion of the appendix (usually distal end)</p>
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<strong>Example:</strong></p>
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<img alt="" src="https://umem.org/files/uploads/content/pearls/pediatrics/Target%20Sign%20US%20Appendix.jpg" style="width: 574px; height: 765px;" /></p>
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<img alt="" src="https://umem.org/files/uploads/content/pearls/pediatrics/Appendicitis%20Blind%20End%20Pouch%20US.jpg" style="width: 574px; height: 765px;" /></p>
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<strong>Positive study:</strong></p>
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A non-compressible, blind-ending tubular structure in the longitudinal axis >6 mm without peristalsis (see second image above with 8.3 mm diameter measurement)</p>
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A target sign in the transverse view (see first image above)</p>
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Additional suggestive findings: appendiceal wall hyperemia with color Doppler, appendicoliths hyperechoic (white) foci with an anechoic (black) shadow, periappendiceal inflammation or free fluid</p>
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<strong>Negative study:</strong></p>
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Non-visualization of the appendix with adequate graded compression exam in the absence of free fluid or inflammation.</p>
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<strong>Limitations for visualization and possible false negative result:</strong></p>
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Retrocecal appendix and perforated appendix are difficult to visualize with US.</p>
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<strong>Pitfalls:</strong></p>
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US has good specificity (93% in Sivitz et al article), but limited sensitivity (85% in Sivitz et al article), so trust your clinical judgement. You may need a MRI (pregnant/pediatrics) or CT as they have improved, but not perfect sensitivity.</p>
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<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
<p>
Valesky, et al. Focus On: Ultrasound for Appendicitis. ACEP Now. June 2012.</p>
<p>
Sivitz AB, Cohen SG, Tejani C. Evaluation of Acute Appendicitis by Pediatric Emergency Physician Sonography. <em>Annals of Emerg Med</em>. Oct 2014; 64: 358-363.</p>
</fieldset><fieldset><legend>Attachments</legend>
Appendicitis_Blind_End_Pouch_US.jpg (1372 Kb)<br/><a href='http://umem.org/files/uploads/1411081818_Appendicitis_Blind_End_Pouch_US.jpg' target='_blank'>http://umem.org/files/uploads/1411081818_Appendicitis_Blind_End_Pouch_US.jpg</a><br/><br/>
Target_Sign_US_Appendix.jpg (1461 Kb)<br/><a href='http://umem.org/files/uploads/1411081818_Target_Sign_US_Appendix.jpg' target='_blank'>http://umem.org/files/uploads/1411081818_Target_Sign_US_Appendix.jpg</a><br/><br/></fieldset>