Title: Updates in the Management of Large Hemispheric Infarction<br/>Author: John Greenwood<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/alumni/412/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p>
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<strong><u>Updates in the Management of Large Hemispheric Infarction</u></strong></p>
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Large hemispheric infarctions (LHI) are estimated to occur in 2-8% of all hospitalized ischemic strokes and 10 – 15% of all MCA territory infarcts. LHI carry high rates of morbidity and mortality, in fact, if left untreated associated cerebral edema can rapidly progress to transtentorial herniation and death in 40 – 80% of patients.</p>
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<em><strong>Recognized risk factors for progressive cerebral edema include:</strong></em></p>
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NIH stroke scale > 20 in dominant hemispheric infarct</li>
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NIH stroke scale > 15 in nondominant hemispheric infarct</li>
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Rapid decline in level of consciousness (LOC) – indicates effect on contralateral hemisphere (due to ipsilateral swelling)</li>
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<em><strong>Evidence based medical strategies for LHI include:</strong></em></p>
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<strong>Positioning: </strong>Elevation of the head of the bed (HOB) > 30 degrees</li>
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<strong>Glucose control:</strong> 140 – 180 mg/dL (hyperglycemia associated with increased ICP and progression to hemorrhagic conversion)</li>
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<strong>Blood pressure control:</strong> 15% reduction MAP over 24 hours if BP exceeds 220/120 (likely best accomplished with nicardipine infusion to avoid overcorrection)</li>
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<strong>Osmotic therapy: </strong>In the deteriorating patient, consider hypertonic saline (23%) with goal Na of 160 mEq/L or mannitol with goal plasma osmolality of 320 mOsm/kg.</li>
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<strong>Adjunctive therapies:</strong> Prevent fever and hypercapnea</li>
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<em><strong>Prophylactic hemicraniectomy</strong></em></p>
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Consider early neurosurgical consultation for patients with LHI as newer evidence suggests prophylactic hemicraniectomy may improve survival if performed within 24 – 48 hours.</li>
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<strong>Bottom Line: Early recognition of large hemispheric stroke is critical as it is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Aggressive medical management and early neurosurgical involvement may improve outcomes.</strong></p>
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<strong><u>References</u></strong></p>
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Zha AM, Sari M, Torbey MT. Recommendations for management of large hemispheric infarction. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2015;21(2):91-8.</li>
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