Title: Is Flumazenil Making a Comeback? (Hint: no)<br/>Author: Bryan Hayes<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/369/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p>
Flumazenil is generally avoided in most adult patients with suspected benzodiazepine overdose due to <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;">resedation, seizures/withdrawal, inconsistent reversal of respiratory depression, and the potential for proconvulsant coingestants.</span></p>
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<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;">Three relatively recent poison center studies have attempted to demonstrate the safety of flumazenil in this setting. [1-3] In the first study there were 904 adult patients with 13 reported seizures and 1 death. [1] A second study specific to pediatric patients reported 83 patients with no seizures and no deaths. [2] A third study found 80 patients with 1 seizure and 0 deaths. [3]</span></p>
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<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;">On the surface, it may appear that flumazenil is safe to give. But, retrospective poison center studies from voluntary reporting cannot be used to prove a drug's safety. The true denominator is unknown. In the pediatric study, we wouldn't expect children to experience withdrawal since they aren't on chronic benzodiazepine therapy. [2] So, it's no surprise there weren't any seizures or deaths.</span></p>
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<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent;">A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials summed it up perfectly: "</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.9998016357422px;">Flumazenil should not be used routinely, and the harms and benefits should be considered carefully in every patient.<span style="white-space: pre-wrap;">" [4] Cases in which to consider flumazenil are pediatric patients and reversal of procedural sedation if needed.</span></span></p>
<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
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Kreshak AA, et al. A poison center's ten-year experience with flumazenil administration to acutely poisoned patients. <em>J Emerg Med </em>2012;43(4):677-82. [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22766408">PMID 22766408</a>]</li>
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Kreshak AA, et al. Flumazenil administration in poisoned pediatric patients. <em>Pediatr Emerg Care</em> 2012;28(5):448-50. [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22531190">PMID 22531190</a>]</li>
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Veiraiah A, et al. Flumazenil use in benzodiazepine overdose in the UK: a retrospective survey of NPIS data. <em>Emerg Med J</em> 2012;29(7):565-9. [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21785147">PMID 21785147</a>]</li>
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Penninga EL, et al. Adverse events associated with flumazenil treatment for the management of suspected benzodiazepine intoxication - a systematic review with meta-analyses of randomised trials. <em>Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol </em>2015 Jun 19. Epub ahead of print. [<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26096314">PMID 26096314</a>]</li>
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