Title: Herpes Encephalitis<br/>Author: Danya Khoujah<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/739/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p>
HSV infection of the CNS is one of few treatable viral diseases. HSV encephalitis of older children and adults is almost always caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and in individuals older than 20, is due to HSV reactivation.</p>
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Temporal lobe localization is characteristic for HSV encephalitis in individuals older than 3 months, and is responsible for its characteristic presentation, namely bizarre behavior and expressive aphasia.</p>
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CSF analysis will usually reveal an elevated protein level, and a lymphocytic cellular predominance.</p>
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CSF protein concentration is a function of disease duration, and will continue to rise even with administration of treatment (acyclovir) and may remain elevated after the completion of therapy.</p>
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5% of CSF samples will be totally normal, and the diagnosis will only be revealed with positive PCR detection of viral DNA in the CSF, which is the gold standard for diagnosis.</p>
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The sensitivity of MRI is similar to CSF analysis, with 5% of patients with HSV encephalitis having a normal MRI on presentation, and subsequently developing abnormalities.</p>
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Of note, HSV-2 tends to cause aseptic meningitis rather than encephalitis in adults, and has a benign course. </p>
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<u>Bottom Line?</u> Keep a high index of suspicion for HSV encephalitis, and treat the patient empirically despite a normal CSF/MRI pending PCR results.</p>
<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
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Whitley RJ. Herpes Simplex Virus Infections of the Central Nervous System. Continuum 2015;21(6):1704–13</p>
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