Title: Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES)<br/>Author: Danya Khoujah<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/739/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><div style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue'; font-size: 18px;">
<span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Nonepileptic seizures are episodes of altered movement or sensation, with no associated ictal abnormal electrical brain discharges. 88% of non-epileptic siezures are psychogenic in nature (PNES), and can be difficult to diagnose, especially in the absence of video-EEG. The average delay in diagnosis is 1-7 years, mostly due to the fact that no single clinical data point is definitely diagnostic. This leads to a larger consumption of healthcare resources and iatrogenic symptoms from AEDs.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Some features that point towards the diagnosis of PNES:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">- Seizures related to a specific stimulus, such as sounds, food or body movement. An emotional stressor being a precipitant is <strong>not </strong>pathognomonic for PNES.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">- The character of the convulsive movements is different in PNES. The convulsive activity tends to have the same frequency throughout the seizure, with a varied amplitude, as opposed to a true seizure, where the frequency decreases throughout the seizure with an increase in amplitude.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">- Resisting eyelid opening</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">- Guarding of hand dropping on face</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">- Visual fixation on a mirror or when moving the head from side to side</font></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Keep in mind that PNES and epilepsy can co-exist in up to 30% of patients.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size:12px;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Bottom Line:</strong> If you have a clinical concern about PNES, refer the patient for an outpatient video-EEG/neurology followup.</span></span></div>
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<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
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Chen DK and LaFrance WC. <strong>Diagnosis and Treatment of Nonepileptic Seizures. </strong>Continuum 2016;22(1):116–131</p>
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