Title: Zika Virus -- More than Fetal Microcephaly<br/>Author: Daniel Haase<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/1447/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p>
Zika virus has received significant media attention in the US due to its recent link with teratogenicity. But Zika is also associated with critical and life-threatening complications, including death. Differentiating it from other <em>Flavivirus </em>diseases such as Dengue or Chikungunya can be challenging.</p>
<p>
<u><strong>Diagnosis</strong></u></p>
<ul>
<li>
Clinical -- low-grade fever, maculopapular pruritic rash, arthralgias (small joints of hands and feet), non-purulent conjunctivitis [1,4]</li>
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Serum RT-PCR</li>
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Dengue --high fever, severe myalgias, no conjunctivitis, cytopenia common [2,4]
<ul>
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Dengue is a hemorrhagic fever, Zika and Chikungunya are not.</li>
</ul>
</li>
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Chikungunya -- high fever, severe polyarthralgias, no conjunctivitis, no hemorrhage [2,4]</li>
</ul>
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<strong><u>Complications</u></strong></p>
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<li>
Guillian-Barre Syndrome (GBS) [1,3]
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Responsible for majority of Zika deaths worldwide </li>
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Estimated at 1 in 4000 cases of Zika in French Polynesian study [3]</li>
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WHO estimates up to 4M cases in the Americas this year (~1k cases GBS) </li>
</ul>
</li>
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Immune Thrombocytopenic Pupura (ITP) [2]
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<li>
Thrombocytopenia leading to bleeding. Responsible for lone US death and deaths in Columbia</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
Meningoencephalitis, transverse myelitis, fetal microcephaly [2]</li>
</ul>
<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
<p>
<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16.6152px;">1. </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16.6152px;">Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA. </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27028561" style="color: rgb(100, 42, 143); border: 0px; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16.6152px;">Zika Virus.</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16.6152px;"> N Engl J Med. 2016 Apr 21;374(16):1552-63. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1602113. Epub 2016 Mar 30. Review. PubMed PMID: 27028561.</span></p>
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<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16.6152px;">2. LaBeaud, AD. Zika virus infection: An overview. </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16.6152px;">uptodate.com. Accessed 5/10/2016. </span></p>
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<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16.6152px;">3. Cao-Lormeau VM, et al. </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26948433" style="color: rgb(100, 42, 143); border: 0px; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16.6152px;">Guillain-Barré Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: a case-control study.</a><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16.6152px;"> Lancet. 2016 Apr 9;387(10027):1531-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00562-6. Epub 2016 Mar 2. PubMed PMID: 26948433.</span></p>
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<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; line-height: 16.6152px;">4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Zika virus - What clinicians need to know? Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity (COCA) Call, January 26, 2016. </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px;">Available at: </span><a href="http://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/ppt/2016/01_26_16_zika.pdf" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 153); text-decoration: none; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-style: italic; line-height: 18px;" target="_blank">http://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/ppt/2016/01_26_16_zika.pdf</a>. Accessed May 10, 2016.</p>
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