Title: Insulin for Hyperkalemia<br/>Author: Wesley Oliver<br/><a href='mailto:1911'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:623px;"> <p align="center"> <strong>Strategies for Hyperkalemia Management</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:312px;"> <p> Stabilize cardiac membrane</p> </td> <td style="width:312px;"> <p> Calcium gluconate</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:312px;"> <p> Intracellular movement in skeletal muscles</p> </td> <td style="width:312px;"> <p> Albuterol</p> <p> Sodium Bicarbonate</p> <p> Insulin</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:312px;"> <p> Potassium excretion</p> </td> <td style="width:312px;"> <p> Loop Diuretics</p> <p> Kayexalate</p> <p> Patiromer (chronic use only)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:312px;"> <p> Potassium removal</p> </td> <td style="width:312px;"> <p> Dialysis</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p> <strong>Insulin mechanism of action for hyperkalemia:</strong></p> <p> · Binds to skeletal muscle receptors</p> <p> · Increased activity of the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase and glucose transporter GLUT4</p> <p> · Glycemic response occurs at lower levels of insulin</p> <p> · Potassium transport activity increases as insulin levels increase</p> <p> Patients with insulin resistance due to type-2 diabetes do not become resistant to the kalemic effects of insulin.</p> <p> </p> <p> <strong>Hypoglycemia following insulin administration for hyperkalemia:</strong></p> <p> · Occurs 1-3 hours post dose, even with initial bolus of dextrose</p> <p> · The amount of glucose is insufficient to replace the glucose utilized in response to the administered dose of insulin</p> <p> · Insulin’s half-life is increased in ESRD leading to longer duration of action</p> <p> </p> <p> <strong>A systematic review of 11 studies regarding insulin dosing for hyperkalemia:</strong></p> <p> · 22 patients (18%) experienced hypoglycemia</p> <p> · Studies that only gave 25 grams (1 amp) of dextrose had the highest incidence of hypoglycemia (30%)</p> <p> </p> <p> <strong>Tips:</strong></p> <p> · Consider insulin dose reduction in patients with renal failure</p> <p> · Use an order set to ensure patients receive appropriate POC glucose monitoring to detect delayed onset of hypoglycemia</p> <p> · Dextrose 50% (25 grams) should be given to all patients with pre-insulin BG <350 mg/dL</p> <p> Subsequent PRN dextrose 50% (25 grams) should be used to maintain BG >100 mg/dL after insulin administration</p> <fieldset><legend>References</legend>
<p> References:</p> <p> 1. Sterns RH, Grieff M, Bernstein PL. Treatment of hyperkalemia: something old, something new. Kidney International 2016;89(3):5460554.</p> <p> 2. Harel Z, Kamel KS (2016) Optimal Dose and Method of Administration of Intravenous Insulin in the Management of Emergency Hyperkalemia: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE 11(5): e0154963. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154963</p> </fieldset>