Title: Unplanned Transfers to the ICU<br/>Author: Kami Hu<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/742/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p> <strong>Should that patient be admitted to the floor? </strong></p> <p> Several studies have evaluated factors associated with upgrade in admitted patients from the floor to an ICU within 24 or 48 hours. Elevated lactate, tachypnea, and "after-hours" admissions have been repeatedly identified as some of the risk factors for decompensation. </p> <p> Two recent studies tried again to identify predictors of eventual ICU requirement...</p> <p> <u>Best predictors of subsequent upgrade</u>:</p> <ul> <li> Hypercapnia*</li> <li> Tachypnea (in sepsis patients)*</li> <li> Hypoxemia (in pneumonia patients)</li> <li> Nighttime admission</li> <li> Initial lactate ≥ 4</li> </ul> <p> <u>The most common reasons for upgrade</u>:</p> <ol> <li style="margin-left: 0.5in;"> Respiratory failure</li> <li style="margin-left: 0.5in;"> Hemodynamic instability</li> </ol> <p> <u>Effect on mortality</u>? </p> <p> Despite a more stable initial presentation, mortality of patients who decompensated on the floor (25%) matched that of patients initially admitted to the ICU.</p> <p> *One of the studies noted that although respiratory rate was demonstrated to be the most important vital sign, it was missing in 42% of the study population, while PCO2 was only obtained in 39% of patients.</p> <p> <strong>Bottom Line: </strong></p> <ul> <li> Make sure to physically reassess patients you've stabilized/improved in the ED with current vital signs (including an accurate respiratory rate!) before okaying their admission/transfer to the floor. </li> <li> If you get a blood gas, make sure to pay attention to the PCO2 and address any abnormalities appropriately.</li> </ul> <fieldset><legend>References</legend>
<ol> <li> Farley, H, Zubrow MT, Gies J, et al. Emergency department tachypnea predicts transfer to a higher level of care in the first 24 hours after ED admission. Acad Emerg Med. 2010;17(7): 718-22.</li> <li> Boerma LM, Reijners EPJ, Hessels RA, et al. Risk factors for unplanned transfer to the intensive care unit after emergency department admission. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(8): 1154-8.</li> <li> Wardi G, Wali AR, Villar J, et al. Unexpected intensive care transfer of admitted patients with severe sepsis. J Intensive Care. 2017;5: 43.</li> <li> Tam V, Frost SA, Hillman KM, Salamonson Y. Using administrative data to develop a nomogram for individualizing risk of unplanned admission to intensive care. Resuscitation. 2008;79: 241-8.</li> </ol> </fieldset>