Title: Management of Refractory Hypoxemia During VV ECMO<br/>Author: Ashley Menne<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/1825/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p>
Worsening hypoxemia is not uncommon upon initiation of VV ECMO for severe ARDS as tidal volumes drop to double digits (often <20cc) after transition to “lung rest” ventilator settings. The following are strategies to improve peripheral oxygenation:</p>
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1. Increase the blood’s oxygen content</p>
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- Ensure FIO2 of ECMO sweep gas is 1</p>
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- Increase ECMO blood flow</p>
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o Limited by cannula size and configuration – may require placement of additional venous drainage cannula</p>
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o Also limited by greater risk of recirculation and hemolysis</p>
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- Increase blood oxygen-carrying capacity</p>
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o Transfuse PRBCs – some advocate for goal hemoglobin 12-14, though institutional practices vary significantly</p>
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2. Minimize recirculation</p>
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- Maximize distance between drainage and return cannulae</p>
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3. Reduce oxygen consumption</p>
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- Optimize sedation and neuromuscular blockade. (This is not the appropriate scenario for awake ECMO.)</p>
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- Consider therapeutic hypothermia</p>
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4. Decrease cardiac output and intrapulmonary shunt</p>
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- Consider beta blocker (esmolol) infusion</p>
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- Prone positioning (only if staff are experienced with proning on ECMO as this poses significant risk of cannula displacement)</p>
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5. Consider switching to hybrid configuration (VVA – continued venous drainage cannula and venous return cannula with addition of arterial return cannula) </p>
<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
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Montisci A, Maj G, Zangrillo A, Winterton D, Pappalardo F. Management of Refractory Hypoxemia During Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for ARDS. <em>ASAIO J</em>. 2015;61(3):227-236. doi:10.1097/MAT.0000000000000207.</p>
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