Title: Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)<br/>Author: Kim Boswell<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/311/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p>
<u><strong>Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) – Part I</strong></u></p>
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A rare, but important disease that is becoming more widely recognized and more frequently diagnosed. This disease, while uncommon, is rapidly progressive and caries a high mortality rate.</p>
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Causes are not completely understood, but involve abnormal activation of the immune response due to a failure of the typical downregulation in hyperinflammatory processes.</p>
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Two types exist:</p>
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Congenital/Familial – genetic predisposition which usually requires a triggering event to occur</p>
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Acquired – occurs in adults with no known predisposition (often have underlying genetic predispositions) – triggering events include infections , immunodeficiency, rheumatologic disorders, and malignancy in addition to many others.</p>
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Diagnosis is challenging due to the wide variety of symptoms and constellation of symptoms, which often mimic more common infections/sepsis presentations. Common symptoms include the following:</p>
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Fever – 95 percentSplenomegaly – 89 percent </li>
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Bicytopenia – 92 percent (most often anemia and thrombocytopenia) </li>
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Hypertriglyceridemia or hypofibrinogenemia – 90 percent</li>
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Symptoms can, and do, occur in any body system – rashes, conjunctivitis, DIC, LFT abnormalities, hypotension/shock, and respiratory failure are all common concomitant findings in the presentation of HLH</p>
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More on the specific diagnosis and treatment to follow in part II...</p>
<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
<p>
McClain KL. Clinical features and diagnosis of hemophagoctyic lymphohistiocytosis. UpToDate.Waltham, MA:UpToDate Inc. https://www.uptodate.com (Accessed on December 24, 2019.)</p>
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