Title: Can acetaminophen cause methemoglobinemia?<br/>Author: Hong Kim<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/526/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p>
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Methemoglobinemia occurs when iron in the hemoglobin is converted from ferrous (2+) to ferric (3+) state, frequently by substance exposure. There are many medications and chemicals that can induce methemoglobinemia. </p>
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Common agents that induce methemoglobinemia include:</p>
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Nitrites/nitrates</li>
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Local anesthetics (benzocaine, lidocaine)</li>
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Nitroglycerin</li>
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Nitroprusside</li>
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Phenazopyridine</li>
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Quinones</li>
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Sulfonamides</li>
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Analine</li>
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Naphthalene</li>
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Dapsone</li>
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Nitric oxide</li>
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Acetaminophen has not been associated with methemoglobinemia. However, two cases of methemoglobinemia in massive acetaminophen overdose were recently reported. Both patients were not on any medication known to cause methemoglobinemia.</p>
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<strong>Case 1:</strong> 54 year-old man with DM, HTN, cognitive impairment and no hx of G6PD deficiency hospitalized for altered mental status</p>
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pH: 7.2</li>
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lactic acid: 14.5 mmol/L</li>
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<strong>APAP: 531 mcg/mL</strong></li>
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Discrepancy between pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas led to checking the <strong>methemoglobin level – 32%</strong></li>
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Developed coagulopathy (INR 9.8) with AST/ALT 3487/2837</li>
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<strong>Case 2: </strong> 64 year-old man with dementia, polysubstance abuse, depression and hypertension hospitalized from nursing home for altered mental status. </p>
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pH: 7.25</li>
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AG: 28</li>
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<strong>APAP: 730 mcg/mL</strong></li>
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<strong>Methemoglobin level: 12%</strong></li>
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AST/ALT: 44/46</li>
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<strong>Conclusion</strong></p>
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It is <strong>unlikely</strong> that significant methemoglobinemia will develop in the majority of the APAP overdose.</li>
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However, methemoglobinemia should be considered in a large APAP overdose in select clinical scenarios (e.g. pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas discrepancy).</li>
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<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
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Rainprakaisang T. et al. Methemoglobinemia assoicated with massive acetaminophen ingestion: a case series. Clin Toxicolo (Phila). 2019. </p>
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https://doi.org/10.1080/15563650.2019.1657883</p>
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