Title: COVID-19 Complications<br/>Author: Mark Sutherland<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/resident/1396/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p> <span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;">Within the past few days we completed a review of complications of COVID-19, to describe what sequelae and clinical patterns, besides the obvious (URI, respiratory failure, ARDS, sepsis, etc), are noted in the literature. This review, along with a plethora of other information focusing on critical care of the COVID-19 patient, will be posted in the next few days to <a href="http://covid19.ccproject.com/">http://covid19.ccproject.com/</a>. Below are the key points from that review:</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p> <span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">Acute cardi</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">ovascular</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US"> complications appear to be the most common and concerning sequelae</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">: </span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p> <span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"> -<span class="EOP SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; line-height: 19.425px;"><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">Acute </span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">myocardial injury (7-17% of hospitalized patien</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">ts</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US"> in one study</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">), </span><span class="EOP SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; line-height: 19.425px;"> </span> </span></span></span></p> <p> <span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"><span class="EOP SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; line-height: 19.425px;"> -</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">M</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">yocarditis (primary cause </span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">of death </span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">in 7% of COVID deaths</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US"> in one study</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">), </span><span class="EOP SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; line-height: 19.425px;"> </span></span></span></p> <p> <span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"><span class="EOP SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; line-height: 19.425px;"> -</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">A</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">rrhythmias (16.7% of hospitalized and 44.4% of ICU patients</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US"> in one study), </span></span></span></p> <p> <span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"><span class="EOP SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; line-height: 19.425px;"> -</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">V</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">enous </span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">thromboembolism (incidence unknown). </span><span class="EOP SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; line-height: 19.425px;"> </span></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p> <span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">Concerns for sudden cardiac death, even after recovery, have been raised but are not </span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">well</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US"> documented in the literature</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">. </span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US"> Proposed mechanisms include respiratory compromise, myocarditis, malignant tachy</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">dysr</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">h</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">ythmias, heart failure, and </span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">coronary </span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">plaque instability</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US"> (i.e. Type 1 MI)</span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US"> secondary </span><span class="TextRun SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US">to inflammation</span><span class="EOP SCXW40257102 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; line-height: 19.425px;"> </span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p> <span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW266986597 BCX0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: inherit;">Co-infection and secondary </span><span class="TextRun SCXW266986597 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW266986597 BCX0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: inherit;">infection rates </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW266986597 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW266986597 BCX0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: inherit;">are </span><span 1px="" background-color:="" border-bottom:="" class="ContextualSpellingAndGrammarError SCXW266986597 BCX0" data:image="" r0lgodlhbqaeapedaabvzdnvzdnv="" solid="" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-position: left bottom; background-image: url(" waaach5bauaaamalaaaaaafaaqaaaiinc2qchykqgeaow="=">unknown</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW266986597 BCX0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: inherit;"> but estimates range from 4.8% to 21%</span><span class="TextRun SCXW266986597 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW266986597 BCX0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: inherit;">, with higher rates in sicker patients. Viral co-infection is more common than bacterial co-infection, but both may be seen. The ability to rule out COVID-19 by a positive multiplex respiratory viral panel is questionable.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW266986597 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; line-height: 19.425px;"> </span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p> <span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW167692026 BCX0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: inherit;">Cytokine release syndrome and secondary HLH are both described complications, but their incidence is unknown</span><span class="TextRun SCXW167692026 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW167692026 BCX0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: inherit;">. The relation of this finding to purported benefits of tocilizumab (which is also a therapy for HLH) is unknown.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW167692026 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; line-height: 19.425px;"> </span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p> <span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW102605703 BCX0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: inherit;">Other </span><span class="TextRun SCXW102605703 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW102605703 BCX0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: inherit;">extrapulmonary </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW102605703 BCX0" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-kerning: none; line-height: 19.425px; font-variant-ligatures: none !important;" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW102605703 BCX0" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: inherit;">complications are relatively typical of sepsis, such as kidney injury, abnormal LFTs, and delirium</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW102605703 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-user-drag: none; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; line-height: 19.425px;"> </span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p> <span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;">If anyone would like a copy of the full document, which details known complications by organ system, please feel free to email me at <a href="mailto:msutherland@som.umaryland.edu?subject=COVID-19%20Complications">msutherland@som.umaryland.edu</a>. Thanks to David Gordon for organizing the project.</span></span></p> <p> <span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:times new roman,times,serif;">Everyone stay safe, and be sure to take care of each other, as well as our patients.</span></span></p>