Title: Reemergence of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine due to COVID19<br/>Author: Hong Kim<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/526/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p>
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COVID-19 pandemic has brought two old medications – chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine – back from the past. </p>
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A couple in Arizona self-medicated with chloroquine this week and experienced chloroquine toxicity; the man died and his wife was admitted to the ICU.</p>
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<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/23/health/arizona-coronavirus-chloroquine-death/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/23/health/arizona-coronavirus-chloroquine-death/index.html</a></p>
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Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine overdose result in cardiotoxicity by Na and K channel blockade (similar to other membrane stabilizing agents such as TCAs, loperamide, etc.). Onset of toxicity is usually within 1 – 3 hours after ingestion.</p>
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Other symptoms of toxicity include: nausea/vomiting, respiratory depression/apnea, altered mental status and seizure. Hypokalemia is often encountered.</p>
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Use of sodium bicarbonate is controversial due to worsening of hypokalemia. Instead, administration of high dose diazepam and epinephrine (EPI) infusion has shown to decrease mortality (see below).</p>
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<strong>Riou B et al. NEJM 1988 </strong>DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198801073180101</p>
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A retrospective control (n=11) vs. prospective diazepam (2 gm/kg daily) and EPI (0.25 microgm/kg/min with titrate to SBP >= 100 mmHg) group (n=11) involving large chloroquine ingestion (> 5 mg)</li>
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Survival:</p>
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Combination treatment group: 91%</li>
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Control: 9%</li>
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<strong>Clemessy JL et al. Crit Care Med 1996.</strong> DOI:<a href="https://doi-org.proxy-hs.researchport.umd.edu/10.1097/00003246-199607000-00021">10.1097/00003246-199607000-00021</a></p>
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5 year retrospective study (n=167)</li>
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Mean chloroquine ingestion: 4.5 gm +/- 2.8 gm</li>
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>5 gm ingestion: 43 (26%)</li>
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Treatment: 87% received at least one of the interventions below.</p>
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79/167 (48%) received EPI infusion</li>
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142/167 (85%) received diazepam</li>
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Mechanical ventilation: 123/167 (74%)</li>
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Mortality</p>
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Overall: 8.4%</li>
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>5 gm ingestion: 9.3%</li>
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<strong>Bottom line</strong></p>
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Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine toxicity may increase due to COVID19 pandemic</li>
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Limited studies show that combined therapy of high dose diazepam and epinephrine infusion may decrease mortality associated with chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine toxicity.</li>
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