Title: Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocystosis (HLH) – Part II<br/>Author: Kim Boswell<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/311/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p>
Please see Part I from 12/24/19 for information about causes and symptoms.</p>
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<strong><em>Diagnosis:</em></strong></p>
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The diagnosis of HLH is challenging, as it often mimics sepsis or other critical illness. A high index of suspicion is vital and early treatment, imperative.</p>
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</p>
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Diagnostic criteria in adults include 5 of 8 of the following:</p>
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(based on the Hscore: <a href="https://www.mdcalc.com/hscore-reactive-hemophagocytic-syndrome#use-cases">https://www.mdcalc.com/hscore-reactive-hemophagocytic-syndrome#use-cases</a>)</p>
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· Presence of known immunosuppression</p>
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· Fever >38.5</p>
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· Splenomegaly or hepatomegaly</p>
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· Cytopenias</p>
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· Ferritin elevation (usually markedly elevated)</p>
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· Elevated triglycerides</p>
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· Low fibrinogen level</p>
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· ALT elevation</p>
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Immunologic testing:</p>
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· CD25 levels are elevated</p>
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· NK cell activity is low or absent</p>
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In adults, highly elevated ferritin levels (>10,000) are highly suggestive of HLH.</p>
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Elevated LDH, Ddimer, and multisystem organ dysfunction (especially CNS) is common.</p>
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Immunologic testing should not delay treatment if other lab values suggestive of HLH.</p>
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<strong><em>Treatment:</em></strong></p>
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Given the high mortality rate, treatment should be initiated if the symptoms are suggestive of HLH. In the setting of a critically ill individual, hematology consultation is warranted for treatment guidance as treatment is based on lab values and clinical picture. Treatment usually starts with high dose , IV steroids (dexamethasone) and may include chemotherapeutic agents, such as Etoposide. For those patients with CNS involvement, intrathecal chemotherapy is usually a mainstay of treatment</p>
<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
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<a href="https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-hemophagocytic-lymphohistiocytosis/abstract/7">Larroche C. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults: diagnosis and treatment. Joint Bone Spine 2012; 79:356.</a></p>
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<a href="https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-and-diagnosis-of-hemophagocytic-lymphohistiocytosis/abstract/174">Fardet L, Galicier L, Lambotte O, et al. Development and validation of the HScore, a score for the diagnosis of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2613.</a></p>
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<a href="https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prognosis-of-hemophagocytic-lymphohistiocytosis/abstract/2">Trottestam H, Horne A, Aricò M, et al. Chemoimmunotherapy for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: long-term results of the HLH-94 treatment protocol. Blood 2011; 118:4577.</a></p>
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<a href="https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prognosis-of-hemophagocytic-lymphohistiocytosis/abstract/7">Bergsten E, Horne A, Aricó M, et al. Confirmed efficacy of etoposide and dexamethasone in HLH treatment: long-term results of the cooperative HLH-2004 study. Blood 2017; 130:2728.</a></p>
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