Title: Sickle cell trait and exertional death<br/>Author: Brian Corwell<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/294/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p>
Sickle cell trait (SCT) is common and often overlooked clinically</p>
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-7.3% African Americans</p>
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-0.7% Hispanics</p>
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-0.3% Caucasians</p>
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SCT is a leading cause of exertional death in athletes who play football</p>
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The exact mechanism is unknown but likely involves a combination of high intensity exercise, dehydration, heat strain and inadequate opportunity for cardiovascular recovery leading to microvascular erythrocyte sickling.</p>
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This leads to hypoxia, cell death, hyperkalemia, and death from arrhythmia.</p>
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Presentation often involves rhabdomyolysis and exertional collapse.</p>
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In August of 2010 the NCAA enacted legislation requiring documentation of SCT status of all Division 1 athletes (2012 for Division 2 and 2014 for Division 3)</p>
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They also mandated education, counseling and issued guidelines for proper conditioning</p>
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Sudden death in athletes with SCT was first observed in military recruits in 1970.</p>
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Death in African American military recruits was 28 times more likely in those with SCT than in those without.</p>
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A 2012 study of football athletes found the risk of exertional death to be 37 times higher in athletes with SCT than in those without.</p>
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Despite game/competition situations being more intense, deaths occur almost exclusively during practice and conditioning drills.</p>
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Following the 2010 legislation, there has been a 89% decrease in death from SCT in NCAA D1 football.</p>
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Workout plans need to account for heat/humidity, the athletes level of conditioning and allow for adequate rest, recovery, hydration. SCT screening is only part of the solution.</p>
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<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
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Buchanan et al., 2020. Sudden Death Associated With Sickle Cell Trait Before and After Mandatory Screening. Sports Health.</p>
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