Title: Is That a CSF Leak?<br/>Author: WanTsu Wendy Chang<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/1322/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><ul> <li> <span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is rare and usually related to a combination of thinning of the bone and dura and fluctuating intracranial pressure.</span></span></li> <li> <span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">CSF rhinorrhea can be associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension, skull base tumors, neurosurgical and otolaryngology procedures, and trauma.</span></span></li> <li> <span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Trauma with fracture of the anterior skull base is the most common cause of CSF rhinorrhea.</span></span></li> <li> <span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">CT and MRI can identify bony defects, whereas cisternography can diagnose occult leaks.</span></span></li> <li> <span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Fluid containing CSF is classically described to make a “halo” or “double-ring” pattern on gauze or linen.</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left: 40px;"> <span style="font-size:14px;"><img alt="" src="http://umem.org/files/uploads/content/pearls/neuro/20200812.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 214px;" /></span></p> <ul> <li> <span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">However, this sign is not specific to CSF, as mixtures of blood with saline, tears, or rhinorrhea can also produce halos.</span></span></li> <li> <span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Beta-2 transferrin is a protein found almost exclusively in CSF* thus can be used to diagnose CSF rhinorrhea.</span></span></li> </ul> <p> <span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong><u>Bottom Line</u>:</strong> Beta-2 transferrin is more accurate than the halo sign to identify CSF containing fluid.</span></span></p> <div> <div> <span style="font-size:14px;"><em style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">* </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Beta-2 transferrin is found in low concentrations in the perilymph in the cochlea, and aqueous and vitreous humor of the eye</span></em></span></div> </div> <p> </p> <fieldset><legend>References</legend>
<ul> <li> Chen GY, Ma L, Xu ML, <em>et al</em>. Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. <em>Medicine (Baltimore)</em>. 2018;97(5):e9758.</li> <li> Sunder R, Tyler K. Basal skull fracture and the halo sign. <em>CMAJ</em>. 2013;185(5):416.</li> <li> Warnecke A, Averbeck T, Wurster U. Diagnostic relevance of B2-Transferrin for the detection of cerebrospinal fluid fistulas. <em>Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg</em>. 2004;130(10:1178-84.</li> </ul> <p style="text-align: center;"> <em><strong>Follow me on Twitter @EM_NCC</strong></em></p> </fieldset>