Title: Refractory Anaphylaxis<br/>Author: Mike Winters<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/141/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p>
<strong><u>Refractory Anaphylaxis</u></strong></p>
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Refractory anaphylaxis is defined as anaphylaxis that does not respond to at least 2 doses of 300 mcg of epinephrine given IM into the anterolateral thigh.</li>
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Refractory anaphylaxis can be due to several factors including patient comorbidities, delayed diagnosis, delayed epinephrine administration, or concomitant beta-blocker or ACE-inhibitor medication use.</li>
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Consider the following treatments in patients with refractory anaphylaxis, persistent hypotension, and shock:
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Aggressive IVF resuscitation - patients may need up to 7L of IVFs</li>
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Epinephrine infusion (1-10 mcg/min) to target a MAP of 65 mm Hg</li>
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Glucagon (1-5 mg via slow IV push) for those taking a beta-blocker and who fail to respond to epinephrine</li>
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Norepinephrine, vasopressin, angiotensin II, methylene blue, or dobutamine can be administered with epinephrine for persistent hypotension. </li>
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VA-ECMO - though there is no prospective evidence on the use of ECMO in anaphylaxis.</li>
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<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
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Krishnaswamy G. Critical care management of anaphylaxis: A conside definitive review. <em>Crit Care Med</em>. 2021.</p>
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