Title: Traumatic PTX on PPV: Okay to observe?<br/>Author: Kami Windsor<br/><a href='http://umem.org/profiles/faculty/742/'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:9pt;margin-bottom:9pt;">
<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-3f7af462-7fff-a5ce-233f-ca148ecbc614"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Background: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Conventional medical wisdom long held that patients with pneumothorax (PTX) who require positive pressure ventilation (PPV) should undergo tube thoracostomy to prevent enlarging or tension pneumothorax, even if otherwise they would be managed expectantly.<sup>1</sup></span></span></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; white-space: pre-wrap;">Small retrospective and observational studies have demonstrated safety to an observational approach for both occult (only detectable on CT) and larger PTXs even in patients requiring noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, whether traumatic/iatrogenic or spontaneous.<sup>2-6</sup></span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-3f7af462-7fff-a5ce-233f-ca148ecbc614"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Western Trauma Association recently released a guideline for the management of traumatic PTX, which includes observation with 6-hour follow up CXR for patients with small (<20% aka <2cm from chest wall on CXR or <35 mm on CT scan) hemodynamically stable pneumothoraces, even if mechanical ventilation is required.<sup>7</sup> </span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">They note a 10% subsequent failure rate (i.e. chest tube requirement) with no difference between patients who do or do not undergo PPV. </span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-3f7af462-7fff-a5ce-233f-ca148ecbc614"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The OPTICC trial, found however, that while the rate of respiratory distress development was not different between those randomized to observation vs initial chest tube management, there was an increase from a 25% chest tube requirement in the obs group to a 40% failure rate in patients requiring >4 days of mechanical ventilation.<sup>8</sup> </span></span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-3f7af462-7fff-a5ce-233f-ca148ecbc614"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: 700; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bottom Line:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The cardiopulmonar-ily stable patient with small PTX doesn’t need empiric tube thoracostomy simply because they’re receiving positive pressure ventilation. If you are unlucky enough to still have them in your ED at day 5 in these COVID times, provide closer monitoring as the observation failure rate may increase dramatically around this time.</span></span></span></p>
<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
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