Title: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) [Submitted by Thomas Laudone, PharmD, BCPPS]<br/>Author: Wesley Oliver<br/><a href='mailto:1911'>[Click to email author]</a><hr/><p>
<strong>Background:</strong></p>
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Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) as defined by CDC Health Advisory in May 2020 is:</p>
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1) An individual aged <21 years presenting with fever*, laboratory evidence of inflammation**, and evidence of clinically severe illness requiring hospitalization, with multisystem (>2) organ involvement (cardiac, renal, respiratory, hematologic, gastrointestinal, dermatologic or neurological); <strong>AND</strong></p>
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2) No alternative plausible diagnoses; <strong>AND</strong></p>
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3) Positive for current or recent SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR, serology, or antigen test; or exposure to a suspected or confirmed COVID-19 case within the 4 weeks prior to the onset of symptoms.</p>
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*Fever >38.0°C for ≥24 hours, or report of subjective fever lasting ≥24 hours</p>
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**Including, but not limited to, one or more of the following: an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), fibrinogen, procalcitonin, d-dimer, ferritin, lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), or interleukin 6 (IL-6), elevated neutrophils, reduced lymphocytes and low albumin</p>
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As of January 31<sup>st</sup>, 2022 the CDC reports the following statistics related to MIS-C in the United States:</p>
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· Total MIS-C patients meeting case definition= 6,851</p>
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· Total MIS-C deaths meeting case definition = 59</p>
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· The median age of patients with MIS-C was 9 years. Half of children with MIS-C were between the ages of 5 and 13 years.</p>
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· 59% of the reported patients with race/ethnicity information available occurred in children who are Hispanic/Latino (1,746 patients) or Black, Non-Hispanic (2,050 patients).</p>
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· 98% of patients had a positive test result for SARS CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The remaining 2% of patients had contact with someone with COVID-19.</p>
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· 60% of reported patients were male.</p>
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<strong>Management:</strong></p>
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First-Line Treatment:</p>
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· IVIG 2 g/kg dosed based on ideal body weight with a maximum of 100 grams (1000 mL) </p>
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o For patients with significant myocardial dysfunction and concern for fluid overload, the infusion can be given in divided doses over 2 days (1g/kg q12 x 2 doses)</p>
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<strong>PLUS</strong></p>
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· Methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg (max of 30 mg/dose) IV twice daily and switch to PO and taper when clinically appropriate</p>
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Upon Consultation with Pediatric Hematology/Cardiology will consider adding the following therapies to IVIG and steroids:</p>
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· Enoxaparin treatment versus prophylactic dosing depending on D-dimer elevation and whether or not being admitted to PICU</p>
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· Aspirin 3-5 mg/kg (max 81 mg/dose) daily unless platelet count <u><</u> 80 K/mcl</p>
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Second-Line Treatment (refractory to IVIG defined by symptoms and fever persisting <u>></u>36 hours)*:</p>
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· Methylprednisolone pulse dosing- 30 mg/kg (max of 1000 mg/dose) x 3-5 days</p>
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<strong>OR</strong></p>
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· High dose anakinra</p>
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<strong>OR</strong></p>
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· Infliximab 5-10 mg/kg IV x1 </p>
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*All second-line treatment options require peds infectious diseases and PICU attending approval</p>
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<u>UMMS COVID/MIS-C Pathway</u>: https://intra.umms.org/-/media/intranets/umms/pdfs/dept/pharmacy-and-therapeutics/guidelines/umms-pediatric-covid-pathway.pdf?upd=20220125144550</p>
<fieldset><legend>References</legend>
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<u>References:</u></p>
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1. Belhadjer Z, Meot M, Bajolle F, et al. Acute heart failure in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in the context of global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic external icon. <em>Circulation</em> 2020.</p>
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2. Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez-Martinez C, Wilkinson N, Theocharis P. Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic external icon. <em>Lancet</em> 2020.</p>
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3. Verdoni L, Mazza A, Gervasoni A, et al. An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study external icon. <em>Lancet</em> 2020.</p>
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4. CDC COVID Data Tracker: Health Department-Reported Cases of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) in the United States. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#mis-national-surveillance. February 1, 2022.</p>
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5. Henderson LA, Canna SW, Friedman KG, et al. American College of Rheumatology Clinical Guidance for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated With SARS–CoV-2 and Hyperinflammation in Pediatric COVID-19: Version 3. <em>Arthritis and Rheumatology </em>2022.</p>
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