Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: ankle sprain (PubMed Search)
Posted: 3/22/2014 by Brian Corwell, MD
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Ankle Syndesmosis Injuries are also called high ankle sprains as they involve trauma to the ligaments above the ankle joint
Most ankle sprains are lateral ankle sprains. High ankle sprains are relatively uncommon.
Usual mechanism: External rotation injuries
Exam: Tenderness at the syndesmosis and compression of the tib/fib at the mid calf level causing syndesmosis pain (squeeze test)
Median recovery time is almost 4 times as long as a lateral ankle sprain 62days vs. 15days
Emergency department care is similar tto that of other ankle sprains but the added benefit of patient education and advice may improve overall care and follow-up.
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: Herpes Gladiatorum, skin rash, sports medicine (PubMed Search)
Posted: 3/9/2014 by Brian Corwell, MD
(Updated: 8/14/2024)
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Herpes Gladiatorum in Wrestlers
HSV causes non genital cutaneous infections primarily in wrestlers, commonly called herpes gladiatorum (HG)
Annual incidence in NCAA wrestlers is 20% to 40%
Most common cutaneous infection leading to lost practice time (40.5% of all infections)
Transmission is skin to skin.
Incubation period is 4 to 7 days from exposure. Healing usually occurs within 10 days after the initial lesion (without scaring).
Appearance: Numerous grouped uncomfortable (painful) vesicles/pustules on an erythematous base…evolve into moist ulcerations, followed by crusted plaques. Lesions typically get abraded during competition therefore may have an atypical appearance and may be mistaken for other infections such as staph. Distribution typically more diffuse than typical HSV infections. Occurs on body surfaces areas that typically come into contract with opponents (face, head, neck, ears, upper extremities). Lesion location typically on side of patient’s handedness. Recurrences occur at location of initial outbreak, a useful diagnostic aid.
Perform a thorough examination as ocular involvement was seen in 8% of high school wrestlers in one HG outbreak.
Typical treatment for primary infection is Valacyclovir 1g PO b.i.d. for 7 days. This is best started within 24h of symptom onset.
Cutaneous Infections in Wrestlers. Wilson et al., 2013. Sports Health.
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: MRSA, arthocentesis (PubMed Search)
Posted: 2/22/2014 by Brian Corwell, MD
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The clinical examination is often unreliable in ruling out septic arthritis in the ED.
Diagnostic arthrocentesis is often performed.
Traditional teaching involved very high WBC count thresholds as part of diagnosis.
In one 2009 study, synovial leukocyte counts in cases of MRSA were often less than 25,000 cells/uL
Have a low threshold for empiric antibioitics even in the face of low WBC counts (and incredulous consultants)
How Common is MRSA in Adult Septic Arthritis? Frazee et al., 2009
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: Overtraining syndrome, exercise (PubMed Search)
Posted: 2/8/2014 by Brian Corwell, MD
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Overtraining syndrome
A maladaptive response to excessive exercise without adequate functional rest
-Results in disturbances of multiple body systems (neurologic, endocrinologic, immunologic and psychologic).
- May be caused by systemic inflammation and resultant neurohormonal changes
- Multiple hypotheses exist
-Symptoms
Parasympathetic alterations: fatigue, depression, bradycardia
Sympathetic alterations: insomnia, irritability, agitation, tachycardia, hypertension, restlessness
Other: anorexia, weight loss, poor concentration, anxiety
Usual presentation is prolonged underperformance despite adequate rest and recovery (weeks to months).
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: MCL, knee, (PubMed Search)
Posted: 1/17/2014 by Brian Corwell, MD
(Emailed: 1/25/2014)
(Updated: 1/25/2014)
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Pelllegrini-Stieda lesion
Ossified post-traumatic lesions at the MCL adjacent to the femoral attachment site of the medial femoral condyle.
Mechanism is likely from an avulsion injury that subsequently calcifies after the initial trauma.
Often an incidental finding on plain films.
If symptomatic, refer to ortho as an outpatient
If not symptomatic, no treatment is indicated
http://images.radiopaedia.org/images/30076/b62e61e83241e30f2da693901edcdc_gallery.jpg
http://www.imageinterpretation.co.uk/images/knee/PELLEGRINI%20STIEDA2.jpg
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: Osteoarthritis, treatment (PubMed Search)
Posted: 1/11/2014 by Brian Corwell, MD
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Chronic OA Management, Marc C. Hochberg. Volume 3 December 2013
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: Diabetes, osteomyelitis (PubMed Search)
Posted: 12/29/2013 by Brian Corwell, MD
(Updated: 8/14/2024)
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No single feature of the history of physical examination reliably rules out ostemyelitis
Aids in making the diagnosis include:
An ulcer area larger than 2 cm2 (LR 7.2),
A positive probe to bone test (LR 6.4),
An ESR greater than 70 mm/h (LR 11)
Butalia S, Palda VA, Sargeant RJ, Detsky AS, Mourad O. Does this patient with diabetes have osteomyelitis of the lower extremity? JAMA. 2008 Feb 20;299(7):806-13.
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: Osteoarthritis, treatment (PubMed Search)
Posted: 12/14/2013 by Brian Corwell, MD
(Updated: 8/14/2024)
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Treating knee osteoarthritis - from the American College of Rheumatology
Exercise whether it be aquatic, aerobic (land -based) or resistance can decrease pain and improve functional capacity. Exercise should be performed 3 to 5 times a week. Effects are usually noted after 3 to 6 months.
Weight loss of 5% or greater body weight is associated with a small improvement in pain and physical function. The main benefit of weight loss has more to do to effects on co-morbid conditions.
Walking aids: A single crutch or cane should be held on the side contralateral to the affected knee and should be advanced with the affected limb when walking to reduce the load on the affected joint.
Cane sizing: The distance from the floor to the patient's greater trochanter (brings the elbow to 15º to 20º of flexion.
Chronic OA Management, Marc C. Hochberg. Volume 3 December 2013
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: Posterior, Dislocation, Shoulder (PubMed Search)
Posted: 11/30/2013 by Michael Bond, MD
(Updated: 8/14/2024)
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Posterior Shoulder Dislocations
(A posterior shoulder dislocation will show the humeral head displayed superiorly in the image away from the clavicle which is the inferior most bone)
Some things to look for on the AP view that will suggest a posterior shoulder dislocation:
Life in the Fast Lane as a great discussion of posterior shoulder dislocations at http://lifeinthefastlane.com/posterior-shoulder-dislocation/
Best way to make the diagnosis --- suspect it and get an axillary view.
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: bronchospasm, asthma, exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (PubMed Search)
Posted: 11/23/2013 by Brian Corwell, MD
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Unexplained respiratory symptoms during exercise are often incorrectly considered secondary to exercise induced asthma/bronchospasm.
An important diagnosis on the differential should be exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO).
Of 91 athletes referred for asthma workup, 35% had EILO.
The presence of inspiratory symptoms did not differentiate athletes with and without EILO.
61% of athletes with EILO used regular asthma medication at referral.
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: Compartment Syndrome (PubMed Search)
Posted: 11/16/2013 by Michael Bond, MD
(Updated: 8/14/2024)
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Compartment Syndrome
Compartment syndrome is classically described as having the 6 Ps:
The diagnosis of compartment syndrome can be difficult but ultimately it comes down to measuring the pressures in the area of concern. Various recommendations of the allowed pressure can be found, but in general a fasciotomy is not needed if the compartment pressure is 30 mmHg less then the diastolic pressure (The Delta 30). So if the patients diastolic pressure is 70, a fasciotomy is not need if the compartment pressure is less then 40.
Finally, if you are suspecting compartment pressure do NOT elevate the limb. Leave it in a dependent position to help improve blood flow into the limb.
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: back pain, cauda equina (PubMed Search)
Posted: 11/4/2013 by Brian Corwell, MD
(Emailed: 11/9/2013)
(Updated: 11/9/2013)
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Cauda equina syndrome results from compression of multiple lumbar and sacral nerve roots
Causes: Central disc herniation, spinal epidural abscess, malignancy, trauma, hematoma.
Consider this entity in those with back pain and radiculopathy at multiple spinal levels
Urinary retention occurs in >90% of patients
Saddle anesthesia occurs in 75%
Decreased rectal sphincter tone occurs in 60 to 80%
A post void residual volume <100 mL makes this entity very unlikely
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: gluteus, trendelenberg test, hip pain (PubMed Search)
Posted: 10/26/2013 by Brian Corwell, MD
(Updated: 8/14/2024)
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Lateral hip pain
Findings of weakness and/or pain while testing hip abduction may point to gluteus medius muscle dysfunction with associated with greater trochanteric pain syndrome.
The Trendelenburg test may help. The patient stands on the affected leg. A negative test result occurs when the pelvis rises on the opposite side. A positive test result occurs when the pelvis on the opposite side drops and indicates a weak or painful gluteus medius muscle.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TY-G4ErruUA
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: Stress fractures, runners (PubMed Search)
Posted: 9/28/2013 by Brian Corwell, MD
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Prior fracture represents the strongest predictor of stress fracture in both sexes
For girls: Low body mass index, (<19), late menarche (age 15 or older), previous participation in gymnastics and dance.
For boys: increased number of seasons.
Participation in basketball appears protective in boys.
This may represent a modifiable risk factor for stress fractures.
Tenforde AS, Sayres, LC, et al. Identifying sex-specific risk factors for stress fractures in Adolescent Runners. 2013
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: Basilar joint, thumb, arthritis, Basal joint grind test (PubMed Search)
Posted: 9/14/2013 by Brian Corwell, MD
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The thumb MCP joint is subject to arthritric changes.
Sx's of arthritis will frequently present with pain in a similar region to deQuervain's disease.
The basal joint grind test
Perform by stabilizing the triquetrum with your thumb and index finger and then dorsally subluxing the thumb metacarpal on the trapezium while providing compressive force with the opposite hand.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEJH7KFGx_Y
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: Charcot Joints (PubMed Search)
Posted: 8/17/2013 by Michael Bond, MD
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Charcot Joint - Neuropathic arthropathy
A Charcot Joint is a progressive degeneration of a weight bearing joint that is normally seen in patients that have decreased peripheral sensation and proprioception.
Conditions associated with Charcot Joints are:
• Alcohol neuropathy
• Cerebral palsy
• Diabetes mellitus
• Spinal Cord Injury
• Strokes
• Syphilis (tabes dorsalis)
The foot is most commonly affected and radiographs can also show bony destruction, bone resorption, and gross deformity. The onset of pain and deformity is typically insidious. Charcot joints are often associated with ulcerations, secondary osteomyelitis, and can lead to amputations.
It is important to recognize the presence of a Charcot Joint so that the patient can be referred to Orthopaedics and treated (often with cast immobilization) to prevent further destruction of the joint.
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: Trigger finger, flexor tendon, locked finger (PubMed Search)
Posted: 8/8/2013 by Brian Corwell, MD
(Emailed: 8/10/2013)
(Updated: 8/14/2024)
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The flexor tendons of the finger may become thickened and narrowed from chronic inflammation and irritation.
- Causes limitation in range of motion and snapping or locking during flexion
- Can involve any digit but usually the ring and the long finger
CC: pain, "catching" May awake to finger being "locked" with spontaneous resolution during the day
Stenosis occurs at the MCP level
PE: Distal flexor crease tender to palpation and may have a painful nodule
Full finger flexion is sometimes not possible
Tx: NSAIDs and steroid injection in tendon sheath. If this fails - surgical release.
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: Hand nodules, contactures (PubMed Search)
Posted: 7/28/2013 by Brian Corwell, MD
(Updated: 8/14/2024)
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Dupuytren disease is a nodular thickening and resultant contraction of the palmer fascia.
Increased in those of Northern European dissent.
One or more painful nodules located near the distal palmer crease.
Over time may result in flexion at the MCP joint.
Most commonly affects the ring finger.
Sensation is normal.
Over time affects ADLs
Tx: night splints and surgery
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: ulnar nerve, entrapment (PubMed Search)
Posted: 7/13/2013 by Brian Corwell, MD
(Updated: 8/14/2024)
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Tests for distal ulnar nerve entrapment
Ask patient to hold a piece of paper between the thumb and the index finger
Normally this is a fairly simple task.
With an unlar nerve palsy, the patient will substitute with the FPL (flexor pollicis longus - median nerve innervation). This causes flexion of the thumb in order to maintain the grip since the adductor pollicis cannot be used. This causes thumb flexion rather than extension.
http://www.mims.com/resources/drugs/common/CP0042.gif
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJTIhm1VfSI
Category: Orthopedics
Posted: 6/29/2013 by Michael Bond, MD
(Updated: 8/14/2024)
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Sternal fractures
Brookes JG, Dunn RJ, Rogers IR. Sternal fractures: a retrospective analysis of 272 cases. J Trauma. Jul 1993;35(1):46-54. PMID 8331712