Category: Neurology
Keywords: frontal lobe epilepsy, seizures (PubMed Search)
Posted: 3/10/2010 by Aisha Liferidge, MD
(Updated: 3/20/2010)
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Category: Critical Care
Posted: 3/5/2010 by Evadne Marcolini, MD
(Emailed: 3/9/2010)
(Updated: 7/16/2024)
Click here to contact Evadne Marcolini, MD
Primary Intracranial hemorrhage is associated with the following risk factors:
Common causes of secondary ICH are as follows:
The question of how to address elevated blood pressure in spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage has been debated. High blood pressure may cause hematoma expansion, but this has not been proven. Lowering blood pressure may help reduce neurologic deterioration, but this has also not been proven in the literature.
The AHA recommended guidelines for blood pressure management in spontaneous ICH are as follows:
If SBP>200 or MAP>150, consider aggressive reduction of BP with continuous IV infusion, monitoring BP every 5 minutes
If SBP>180 or MAP>130, with evidence or suspicion of elevated ICP, consider monitoring ICP and reducing BP using intermittent or continuous IV medications to keep CPP>60 to 80
If SBP>180 or MAP>130 without evidence or suspicion of elevated ICP, then consider a modest reduction of BP (MAP of 110 or targeted SBP 160/90) using intermittent or continuous IV medications, monitoring BP every 15 minutes
Nyquist P: Management of Acute Intracranial and Intraventricular Hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 2010;38(3):946-953
Category: Vascular
Keywords: Aneurysm (PubMed Search)
Posted: 3/8/2010 by Rob Rogers, MD
(Updated: 7/16/2024)
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Splenic Artery Aneurysm (SAA)
Ever scanned someone and the report says "incidental note of a splenic artery aneurysm"? Well, if it hasn't happened yet, it will sooner or later. This type of aneurysm isn't that rare and with the number of abdominal CTs we order we are bound to see this in clinical practice.
Some important points to remember about SAA:
Category: Cardiology
Keywords: pericarditis, prognosis (PubMed Search)
Posted: 3/7/2010 by Amal Mattu, MD
(Updated: 7/16/2024)
Click here to contact Amal Mattu, MD
Major and minor clinical prognostic predictors for pericarditis have been described as follows:
Major: fever > 38 degrees C, subacute onset, large effusion, tamponade, lack of response to aspirin or NSAIDs after at least 1 week of therapy
Minor: myopericarditis, immunodepression, trauma, oral anticoagulant therapy
Patients with any of these criteria [major or minor] should strongly be considered for admission. In the absence of these factors, studies show that patients managed as outpatients do well.
[Imazio M, Spodick DH, Brucato A, et al. Controversial issues in the management of pericardial diseases. Circulation 2010;121:916-928.]
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: Pelligrini, Steida (PubMed Search)
Posted: 3/6/2010 by Michael Bond, MD
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Pelligrini-Stieda Lesion:
A Pelligrini-Stieda lesion is shown in the radiograph below. This lesion was originally described in 1905, and is associated with a tear of the Medial Collateral Ligament. Heterotrophic calcification forms causing chronic pain, which typically needs to be surgically excised.
So for the students out there, it is possible to diagnosis an MCL tear on plain radiographs. Just not very often.
Category: Toxicology
Keywords: Lavage, activated charcoal, hyperinsulinemia, intralipid, toxicology, narcan (PubMed Search)
Posted: 3/4/2010 by Ellen Lemkin, MD, PharmD
(Updated: 7/16/2024)
Click here to contact Ellen Lemkin, MD, PharmD
Cutting Edge | Old School |
Gastric Lavage | |
Hyperinsulinemia and Euglycemia | Supportive care, glucagon for beta blocker overdoses |
Intralipid administration | Supportive care for anesthetic overdoses, TCAs, and other lipid soluble agents |
Low dose or NO narcan | High dose narcan for opoid overdoses |
Checking salicylates and tylenol levels for overdose | Tox screens for everyone |
Category: Neurology
Keywords: frontal lobe epilepsy, epilepsy, seizure, partical focal seizure, complex focal seizure (PubMed Search)
Posted: 3/3/2010 by Aisha Liferidge, MD
(Updated: 7/16/2024)
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Category: Critical Care
Posted: 3/2/2010 by Mike Winters, MBA, MD
(Updated: 7/16/2024)
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Ventilating the Patient with Traumatic Brain Injury
Young N, Rhodes JKJ, Mascia L, Andrews PJD. Ventilatory strategies for patients with acute brain injury. Curr Opin Crit Care 2010; 16:45-52
Category: Pediatrics
Posted: 2/27/2010 by Rose Chasm, MD
(Updated: 3/6/2010)
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Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: Segond Fracture (PubMed Search)
Posted: 2/27/2010 by Michael Bond, MD
(Updated: 7/16/2024)
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The Segond Fracture:
An benign appearing avulsion fracture of the lateral tibeal plateau that is marker for more significant injuries such as:
If this avulsion fracture is seen consider immobilzing the patients knee until they can follow up with Orthopedics and/or get an MRI to determine if additional injuries are present.
Category: Pediatrics
Keywords: Pediatrics, Sedation (PubMed Search)
Posted: 2/27/2010 by Reginald Brown, MD
(Updated: 7/16/2024)
Click here to contact Reginald Brown, MD
Precedex (Dexmedetomidine) - Great for pediatric imaging procedures
Alpha-2 agonist with sedative properties
No analgesic effect alone, but shown to decrease the amount of opioids required for a painful procedure
Benefits pts go to sleep and awake in a more natural state. Caregivers tend to prefer this as opposed to other sedatives. Short recovery time- about 30 minutes
Adverse effects include bradycardia and hypotension. Not recommended in any child with cardiac abnormalities. Paradoxical hypertension with loading dose has also been observed
Effective for MRI or CT scans at loading doses of 2mcg/kg over ten minutes, then maintenance of 1mcg/kg/hr
Residents can gain experience with Precedex with Peds sedation on M,W,F mornings with sedation team, contact me to arrange a time for you to participate.
Category: Neurology
Keywords: ABCD, ABCD2, California Rule, stroke, TIA, prediction tool (PubMed Search)
Posted: 2/24/2010 by Aisha Liferidge, MD
(Updated: 7/16/2024)
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Category: Critical Care
Posted: 2/22/2010 by Evadne Marcolini, MD
(Emailed: 2/23/2010)
(Updated: 2/23/2010)
Click here to contact Evadne Marcolini, MD
The question of hyperglycemia in the critically ill and how to address it has been the topic of considerable study over the years.
There have been several attempts to try to quantify the best target glucose levels in critically ill patients. This is still a moving target, but a recent study sheds some light on the effect of different levels of hyperglycemia and the types of patients who are particularly vulnerable.
This is a retrospective cohort study whic reviewed 259,000 ICU admissions over a three year period at 173 separate sites. Their findings were as follows:
Compared with normoglycemic patients, the adjusted odds for mean glucose 111-145, 146-199, 200-300, and >300 was 1.31, 1.82, 2.13 and 2.85 respectively.
There is a clear association between the adjusted odds of mortality related to hyperglycemia in patients with AMI, arrhythmia, unstable angina, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia and gastrointestinal bleed.
Hyperglycemia associated with increased mortality was independent of type of ICU, length of stay and/or pre-existing diabetes.
So, even though we have not come to solid conclusions about how far down to keep the glucose levels down, it makes sense to pay particular attention and be more vigilant of the blood glucose levels, especially in the higher-risk patients listed above.
Flaciglia M, Freyberg RW et al: Hyperglycemia-related mortality in critically ill patients varies with admission diagnosis. Crit Care Med 2009;37:3001-3009
Category: Vascular
Keywords: Aortic Dissection (PubMed Search)
Posted: 2/22/2010 by Rob Rogers, MD
(Updated: 7/16/2024)
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Suspect your patient has an aortic dissection? Don't wait to lower the blood pressure.
A few considerations for the patient with suspected aortic dissection:
Category: Cardiology
Keywords: herbal, warfarin, adverse drug effects, drug effects, drug side effects, bleeding (PubMed Search)
Posted: 2/21/2010 by Amal Mattu, MD
(Updated: 7/16/2024)
Click here to contact Amal Mattu, MD
Many cardiac patients take warfarin...no surprise.
Many patients use herbal supplements...no surprise.
Many herbal supplements can produce increased bleeding risk with warfarin, and some produce decreased effects of warfarin...that may be a bit of a surprise. Here's a few that are worth knowing:
Herbals that increase the bleeding risk of warfarin: alfalfa, angelica (dong quai), bilberry, fenugreek, garlic, ginger, and ginkgo
Herbals that decrease the effect of warfarin: ginseng, green tea
In addition to asking your patients about their prescription medications, specifically ask your patients if they take herbal supplements, over-the-counter products, or green tea (since many patients don't consider green tea to be either an herbal supplement)...especially if the patient takes warfarin. You just might diagnose or prevent a disastrous bleeding complication.
[Tachjian A, Maria V, Jahangir A. Use of herbal products and potential interactions in patients with cardiovascular diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:515-525.]
Category: Orthopedics
Keywords: Spine, Fracture, Diagnosis (PubMed Search)
Posted: 2/20/2010 by Michael Bond, MD
Click here to contact Michael Bond, MD
A recent study by Smith et al showed that the general abdomen/pelvic CT scan in trauma patients obtained with 5mm slices is a better screening test for spine fractures than plain films. They also showed that when compared to dedicated reconstructed thoracolumbar CT scan (2mm slices focused on the spine) it did not miss any clinically significant fractures.
The statistic for plain radiographs and the nonreconstructive CT scan are shown below.
| Plain Radiographs | Nonreconstructive CT Scan | ||
| Lumbar | Thoracic | Lumbar | Thoracic |
Sensitivity % [95% CI] | 47 [33 to 62] | 13 [3 to 32] | 94 [83 to 99] | 73 [50 to 89] |
Specificity % [95% CI] | 91 [78 to 97] | 71 [54 to 85] | 95 [85 to 99] | 94 [79 to 99] |
Positive Predictive Value % [95% CI] | 85 [66 to 96] | 15 [2 to 45] | 95 [86 to 99] | 89 [67 to 99] |
Negative Predictive Value % [95% CI] | 61 [48 to 72] | 56 [41 to 71] | 93 [82 to 99] | 83 [66 to 93] |
The take home point is that dedicated Spine CT scans are probably not needed unless they are going to be used to guide surgical or non-surgical management, and plain films should probably be abandoned in patients that are undergoing CT scans of the chest/abdomen/pelvis.
Smith MW, Reed JD, Facco R, Hlaing T, McGee A, Hicks BM, Aaland M: The reliability of nonreconstructed computerized tomographic scans of the abdomen and pelvis in detecting thoracolumbar spine injuries in blunt trauma patients with altered mental status. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009; 91: 2342-2349.
Category: Toxicology
Keywords: cholecalciferol, brodifacoum (PubMed Search)
Posted: 2/18/2010 by Fermin Barrueto, MD
(Updated: 7/16/2024)
Click here to contact Fermin Barrueto, MD
When a child is reported to be exposed to a rat poison it is commonly a long acting coumarin like brodifacoum. The rat usually eats the poison then during its traumatic little life will cause its own death by jumping and squeezing through a crack. When a human is exposed, this is the typical sequence of events:
Treatment is the same as for coumadin, vitamin K. However, do not start empirically since the patient will be committed to high doses of vitamin K for several months. Let the patient prove they have been poisoned which means they will require recheck of their INR 2-3 days later though they can be sent home with specific warning signs of anticoagulation.
Category: Neurology
Keywords: seizure, new-onset seizure, AIDS, HIV, HIV/AIDS (PubMed Search)
Posted: 2/17/2010 by Aisha Liferidge, MD
Click here to contact Aisha Liferidge, MD
Category: Vascular
Posted: 2/15/2010 by Rob Rogers, MD
(Updated: 7/16/2024)
Click here to contact Rob Rogers, MD
Bleeding Dialysis Fistula?
Ever see a patient in the ED c/o "my fistula won't stop bleeding"? If you haven't, you probably will in the future.
Here are some helpful tips on getting these bad boys to stop oozing:
Category: Orthopedics
Posted: 2/14/2010 by Michael Bond, MD
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Impingement Syndrome and the Diagnostic Accuracy of 5 Common Tests
It is also reported that subacromial impingement syndrome (SAIS) is the more frequent cause of shoulder pain.
The authors of this study attempted to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the following 5 tests for SAIS:
The study demonstrated that any 3 positive tests out of the 5 has a sensitivity of 0.75 (0.54-0.96) , specificity of 0.74 (0.61-0.88), positive likelihood ratio of 2.93 (1.60-5.36) and negative likelihood ratio of 0.34 (0.14-0.80). See the table below for the individual test characteristics. No single test was deemed accurate enough to make the diagnosis by itself.
So in the end you should be familiar with most of these tests in order to use a combination of them to make the diagnosis of impingement syndrome. Future pearls will review how to perform these tests.
Michener LA, Walsworth MK, Doukas WC, Murphy KP: Reliability and diagnostic accuracy of 5 physical examination tests and combination of tests for subacromial impingement. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009; 90: 1898-1903.