In 2011, approximately 630,00 children under 15 died from unintentional injuries. Injuries are the leading cause of childhood deaths in children over 9 years old. Ninety-five percent of these childhood injuries occur in lower- and middle-income countries.
The 2008 World Report on Child Injury Prevention listed the following as the top five causes of pediatric injury deaths globally:
1) Road Crashes- approximately 260,000/year
2) Drowning- approximately 175,0000/year
3) Burns- approximately 96,000/year
4) Falls- approximately 47,000/year
5) Poisoning (unintentional)- approximately 45,000/year
Many of these deaths occur around the home and could be prevented through proven prevention measures, which include:
· Child appropriate seatbelts and helmets
· Separate children from vehicular traffic
· Limit hot tap water temperature
· Placing medications and potentially harmful household products in child proof containers
· Draining unnecessary water from baths and buckets
· Redesigning nursery furniture, toys and playground equipment
· Strengthening emergency medical services
You decide to do a R.U.S.H. exam on your hypotensive patient and perform an apical four-chamber view.You see one of the two clips below; are there any tricks to figure out which is the left ventricle and which is the right ventricle?
Patient presents with leg and ankle pain after a fall 3 weeks earlier. Initial ankle Xrays were negative. Patient presents today with persistent leg and ankle pain. What's the diagnosis and what other imaging would you perform and why?
A new study from South Korea identified 3 potential clinical predictors of developing delirium tremens in patients presenting to the ED with alcohol withdrawal seizures.
If one or more is present, these findings may help assess alcohol withdrawal patients for the risk of developing DTs.
Application to Clinical Practice
Prognostication in intracerebral hemorrhage - A self-fulfilling prophecy?
The ICH Score is a validated outcome prediction model for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) developed from clinical and neuroimaging characteristics on presentation.
While predictive models are often used in clinical care for prognostication, is it a self-fulfilling prophecy to make early decisions to limit medical treatments based on these models?
Morgenstern et al. conducted an observational study across 5 hospitals looking at 30-day mortality of patients with ICH with initial GCS <12 who received full medical care for at least 5-days following symptom onset.
Take Home Point: The ICH Score is a useful tool for stratifying patient severity, but one should be cautious in using the model to provide specific numerical values as outcome predictions.
25 year-old male with the acute onset of right flank pain. Ultrasound of the right flank is shown. What's the diagnosis?
The Heart Is Just a Muscle
- Heart failure and peripheral myopathies share similar symptoms such as exertional fatigue, weakness, and dyspnea.
- The role of endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) to aid in the diagnosis of new-onset heart failure is controversial and major society guidelines recommend against this procedure in the routine evaluation of patients with heat failure.
- Nevertheless when symptoms of heart failure persist despite conventional imaging modalities and treatment one must consider uncommon conditions, such as mitochondrial disorders.
- Mitochondrial disorders are characterized as clinical syndromes and patients can present with any one of the following: ophthalmoplegia, proximal muscle weakness, isolated myopathy with exercise intolerance and myalgia, severe myopathy of infancy or childhood, or multisystem involvement with myopathy.
- Myocardial tissue is highly dependent on mitochondria for energy production and is therefore susceptible to defects in mitochondrial function. Cardiac manifestations of these syndromes include both arrhythmias and cardiomyopathy.
For many institutions, clindamycin is not as good as it used to be for methicillin-resistant Staph aureus (MRSA). When treating skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), this can be challenging. Clindamycin still covers skin strep species very well, but not always the staph. On the other hand, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) covers staph really well, but not so much the strep.
What They Did
A new double-blind, multicenter, randomized study in NEJM compared these two antibiotics in 524 patients with uncomplicated skin infections who had cellulitis, abscess larger than 5 cm, or both. All abscesses underwent incision and drainage. The primary outcome was clinical cure rate 7-10 days after the end of treatment.
What They Found
There was no difference in clinical cure rate between the two groups (80.3% for clindamycin, 77.7% for TMP-SMX).
Problems with the Study
Application to Clinical Practice
Unknown. This study seems to suggest TMP-SMX might be ok in uncomplicated cellulitis even though we assume strep species are the causitive organism. However, we already know cephalexin is equivalent to cephalexin + TMP-SMX from the 2013 study by Pallin et al. Why not just use cephalexin which has less adverse effects than TMP-SMX?
With such low clindamycin resistance, even to the staph species, perhaps that is why the two treatments were similar. Also, why did successfully drained abscesses need antibiotics? Finally, there were many exclusion criteria which eliminated many of the patients we see in the ED.
For a different, critical perspective of this NEJM study, Dr. Ryan Radecki gives his thoughts on his EM Lit of Note blog.
Background:
Enterovirus D68
Is there a relationship between Enterovirus D68 and the outbreak of acute flaccid myelitis?
Bottom Line
Mechanical Ventilation in the ED
35 year-old male presents with increasing difficulty swallowing and tenderness in the floor of him mouth. What's the diagnosis?
The ED clinician must be able to distinguish between true pathologic back pain and nonorganic back pain.
Waddell’s signs are physical exam findings that can aid in making this important distinction and can be remembered by the acronym “DORST” (Distraction, Over-reaction, Regional disturbances, Simulation tests and Tenderness).
Superficial, non-anatomic, or variable tenderness during the physical exam suggests a non-organic cause.
The clinician may also simulate back pain through provocative maneuvers such as axial loading of the head or passive rotation of the shoulders and pelvis in the same plane. Neither maneuver should elicit low back pain.
There may be a discrepancy between the symptoms reported during the supine and sitting straight leg raise (SLR). The seated version of the test, sometimes termed the distracted SLR, can be performed while distracting the patient or appearing to focus on the knee. Further, radicular pain elicited at a leg elevation of less than 30° degrees is suspicious because the nerve root and surrounding dura do not move in the neural foramen until an elevation of more than 30° degrees is reached.
Sensory and motor findings suggestive of a nonorganic cause include stocking, glove or non-dermatomal sensory loss or weakness that can be characterized as “give-way,” jerky or cogwheel.
Finally, gross overreaction is suggested by the exaggerated, inconsistent painful responses to a stimulus.
Waddell’s signs, especially if three or more are present, correlate with malingering and functional complaints (physical findings without anatomic cause). When combined with shoulder motion and neck motion producing lower back pain, Waddell’s signs predict a decreased probability of the individual returning to work.
That said, Waddell’s signs should never be used independently because they lack the sensitivity and specificity to rule out true organic pathology. Further, our focus should be on evaluating for medical emergencies. Malingering and psychosocial causes of pain are diagnosis of exclusion.
ISPAD (International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes) Updated their Guidelines for Pediatric Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) in 2014
Fluids:
· Begin fluid repletion with 10-20ml/kg of 0.9% NS over 1-2 hours
· Estimate losses (mild DKA <5%, moderate 5-7%, severe ~10%) and replete evenly over 48 hours
o Use NS, Ringers or Plasmalyte for 4-6 hours
o Afterwards use any crystalloid, tonicity at least 0.45% NaCl
· Add 5% glucose to IV fluid when glucose falls below 250-300mg/dL
Insulin
· No bolus
· Low dose 0.05 - 0.1U/kg/hr AFTER initiating fluid therapy
o higher incidence of cerebral edema in patients given insulin in 1st hour
· Short acting subQ insulin lispro or aspart can be substituted for drip in uncomplicated mild DKA
· Give long acting subQ insulin at least 2 hours before stopping infusion to prevent rebound
Potassium
· If K low (< 3.3): add 40mmol/L with bolus IV fluids (20mmol/L if rate > 10ml/kg/hr)
· if K normal (3.3-5): add 40mmol/L when insulin is started
· If K high (> 5): add 40mEq/L after urine output is documented
Bicarb
· No role for bicarbonate in treatment of Pediatric DKA
o No benefit, possibility of harm (paradoxical CNS acidosis)
Elsberg syndrome is sacral radiculitis caused by a viral infection, most commonly herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) - whether a primary infection or a reactivation. The typical patient is a young sexually active woman presenting wtih acute transient urinary retention and sensory lumbosacral symptoms, such as dull pain in anorectal region, paresthesias, loss of sensation or flaccid paresis of leg muscles. Patients can also have constipation or erectile dysfunction.
The presence of inguinal lymphadenopathy and/or anogenital rash can be important clues but are not necessary for diagnosis. CSF may show mild to moderate pleocytosis, with a mild elevation in proteins. Herpes PCR in the CSF may be positive as well. The MRI may show varying degrees of root or lower spinal cord edema with hyperintensity of T2-weighted images.
In immunocompetent patient, the disease usually self limiting, usually resolving in 4-10 days, but can be progressive and ascending in patients with immunocompromise, such as HIV or cancer. Antiviral treatment may shorten the duration of illness in cases with confirmed herpes, either oral or IV.
Stop looking for the “Best PEEP”, aim for a “Better PEEP”
Mechanical ventilation settings in the patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) need to provide adequate gas exchange and prevent ventilator induced lung injury (VILI). Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is often prescribed with consideration of the patient’s FiO2 requirement, estimated chest wall compliance, and hemodynamic tolerance.
So what is the best strategy for PEEP prescription?
In a recent review, Gattinoni & colleagues analyzed a number of the recent studies examining PEEP optimization. In this paper, the authors conclude that there is no “Best PEEP,” and regardless of the level chosen there will be some degree of intratidal recruitment-derecruitment and VILI. They go on to recommend a PEEP prescription strategy that reflects the severity of ARDS using the patient’s PaO2/FiO2 or P/F ratio.
Bottom line: There is no “Best PEEP” however, a “Better PEEP” is one that is primarily tailored to the severity of the patient’s ARDS, but also compensates for chest wall resistance and minimizes hemodynamic compromise.
References
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25 year-old male with autoimmune enteropathy presents with intractable vomiting and diarrhea for 7 days. What's the diagnosis?
Acute Pericarditis
- Pericarditis has numerous etiologies; in developed countries 80-90% of cases are idiopathic/viral & 10-20% of cases are most commonly post-cardiac injury syndromes, connective-tissue diseases, or cancer.
- Diagnosis requires at least two of the following symptoms or signs: chest pain, pericardial friction rub, typical electrocardiographic changes, and pericardial effusion.
- Since pleuritic chest pain has many possible causes, pericarditis should be diagnosed with caution in the absence of other clinical criteria, additionally a friction rub & ECG findings may be transient making the diagnosis even more challenging.
- Data from a recent RCT indicated that pericardial effusions are present in ~2/3 of patients; the vast majority are small and of no concern, nonetheless an echocardiogram is routinely indicated and if present should be carefully followed to assess for tamponade.
- Treatment for idiopathic/viral cases of pericarditis consistents of NSAIDs & colchicine.
It is commonly taught that radiographs are not needed in non-traumatic back pain unless the patient is <18 or > 65 years old. Several studies have started to disprove this in the pediatric population, and a recent study in JAMA is giving some weight to not having to do this in the eldery.
The JAMA study was a prospective cohort of 5239 patients over age 65 who presented to a PCP or urgent care center in three different health systems from 2011-2013 with a complaint of back pain without radiculopathy. Patients were determined to have early imaging if they had a plain films, CT, or MRI done within 6 weeks of their initial visit for back pain. The primary outcome measure was back or leg-pain related disability at 12 months when comparing those that had early imaging versus late (> 6 weeks). They excluded patients with prior surgery, prior back pain, or if they had a cancer visit in the prior year.
At one year they found that there was no statistical difference in the primary outcome of back or leg-pain related disability at one year. The early imaging did pick up more fractures of the spine, but again no change in long term outcomes. The serious diagnoses were summarized in this graph.
This study was not done in the Emergency Medicine setting, and our patients may not be equivilant, but it suggests that we do NOT have to get radiographs on all patients over 65 years old with non-traumatic back pain without radiculopathy. If you are not going to get radiographs make sure your patient has clear discharge instructions on what to return for and that they should follow up with their primary care provider within a week.
A link to the full article is here http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2203801
