Fungal endopthalmitis is an intraocular infection of the aqueous and/or vitreous humor secondary to fungal pathogens; Candida and Aspergillus species are the most common pathogens.
Risk factors: intravenous drug abuse (#1 risk factor), critical illness, systemic fungal infection, immunosuppression (from cancer or medications), diabetes, and alcoholism.
Have a high-index of suspicion for endopthalmitis when patients with systemic fungal disease have visual symptoms; endopthalmitis is present in up to 33% of patients with systemic fungal disease.
Symptoms include:
Inspection of both the anterior and posterior chamber is essential to during evaluation; several small yellow-white circular or “fluffy” lesions with surrounding hemorrhage are demonstrated.
Definitive diagnosis made by vitreous biopsy, culture, or PCR; presumptive treatment is acceptable if systemic fungal disease has been demonstrated.
Treatment with Amphotericin B or Voriconazole may be used for broad-spectrum fungal coverage until specific culture and sensitivities return.
As many as 1/3 of patients with proven ACS have no chest pain at presentation. Among the more common alternative presentations (anginal equivalents) are dyspnea, diaphoresis, nausea/vomiting, and syncope/near-syncope.
Note also that the absence of pain does not confer a better prognosis. The overall in-hospital mortality rate for patients with painless presentations is 13% vs. 4.3% for patients with chest pain.
Approximately 48% of shoulder dislocations occur during sports and recreation.
These are usually first managed in the clinic and sideline setting.
In 6 reviewed studies, 5 used 20mL of 1% lidocaine and 1 used 4 mg/kg of 1% lidocaine.
Patients incurred significantly reduced cost compared to IV sedation
There were no infections, neurovascular damage or systemic effects of the lidocaine.
No significant differences were noted in pain control, success rate or ease of reduction between intra-articular lidocaine and systemic sedation.
The risk of chondrolysis increases with higher concentration and longer duration of exposure to local anesthetics.
There is scant research about the effects of a single exposure of cartilage to lidocaine.
Suboxone = buprenorphine and naloxone in a 4:1 ratio, respectively. Formulated in 2 mg or 8mg tablets and film.
Buprenorphine acts as a partial agonist on the mu receptor and an antagonist at the kappa receptor.
If > 2 mg are ingested or age < 2 years old, these patients should be evaluated in an ED as ALL children with > 4 mg ingestion had symptoms.
There is a ceiling effect with respiratory depression however no ceiling with analgesia. This gives buprenorphine a better safety profile compared to methadone.
Onset of symptoms is about an hour and onset of respiratory depression is about 2-3 hours.
Increased doses of naloxone starting at 0.1 mg/kg may be needed to overcome high receptor affinity of buprenorphine. Remember, most children are opioid-naive and will not experience withdrawal symptoms. Repeat doses of naloxone and even infusions may be needed.
In the ED, a minimum of 6 hours observation is necessary. If no clinical effects are noted at 6 hours the patient can safely be discharged, although one small case series recommended 24 hours observation.
Unintentional overdose is common in toddlers, so advise family to keep prescriptions including family pet prescriptions locked (buprenorphine in the IV form is used for veterinary pain control).
Hypertonic Saline for Intracranial Hypertension
23 year-old male fell off porch while intoxicated. The head CT is shown below. Diagnosis?
We've noted studies in recent years indicating that cardiac risk factors are ineffective at predicting the likelihood of ACS in patients with acute chest pain (in other words, it's all about the HPI and EKG!). Now there's evidence also that cardiac risk factors are ineffective at predicting in-hospital mortality in patients that rule in for acute MI. [1] In fact, this study actually demonstrated that in-hospital mortality is inversely related to the number of cardiac risk factors!
The bottom line is simple: cardiac risk factors are useful at predicting long-term risk for development of coronary artery disease, but they are NOT useful at in the acute setting.
In 2011, updated treatment guidelines were published for acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women. The recommendations differ from the previous iteration due to increased E. Coli resistance. The good news is we have been ahead of the curve in changing our prescribing habits.
Cystitis (recommendations in order of preference)
Take home points:
There are limited direct comparisons of (intravenous (IV) vs. intramuscular (IM) ketamine for pediatric procedural sedation in the emergency department. The only RCT comparing IV and IM ketamine was by Roback et al. and compared an IV dose of 1mg/kg vs. IM 4mg/kg. The study authors reported less procedural pain with IM administration compared with IV. However, vomiting occurred more frequently in the IM group, 26.3% compared to 11.9% in the IV group and recovery time was 49 minutes shorter with IV vs IM use.
Route Onset Duration Dose
IM 3-5 min 20-30min 3-5 mg/kg
IV 1 min 5-10 min 1-2 mg/kg
Resistance is expected to be limited, with the exception of VRE, and VSE (vanco resistant or sensitive enterococcus faecalis)
Renally excreted
Common side effects: diarrhea, nausea, headache
Serious side effects: anaphylaxis, renal failure, hepatitis, seizure
Low incidence of C. difficile
Dose : 600 mg IV (over 1 hour) q12 hours X 5-7 days
Carotid or vertebral artery injury following blunt trauma is a rare (%1 of blunt trauma), but a potentially serious injury potentially causing stroke and long-term disability.
Injury leads to an intimal tear becoming a nidus for platelet aggregation; thrombosis and/or distal emboli may subsequently develop.
Mechanisms of injury include:
Symptoms of carotid injury may include contralateral sensorimotor deficits; Symptoms of vertebral injury may include ipsilateral facial pain and numbness, headache, ataxia, or dizziness.
Angiography is the diagnostic “gold standard” but these days a 16-slice CT angiography (or greater) is a reliable screening tool.
Anticoagulation with heparin is the treatment of choice for severe injury, if there are no contraindications (e.g., intracranial bleeding). Anti-platelet drugs may be acceptable in certain cases.
Patients with ACS are often treated early with clopidogrel. However, if the patient with ACS appears to be developing cardiogenic shock, its probably best to withhold the early clopidogrel. The literature indicates that patients with cardiogentic shock benefit most from emergent PCI, and many of these patients will need CABG. Generally it's best to avoid clopidogrel in patients heading for CABG.
The use of clopidogrel in patients with cardiogenic shock can be deferred to the cardiologists in the cath lab once they decide whether the patient will need CABG or not.
START Triage
START triage is a simple system to implement that does not require any special equipment in order to determine who needs immediate, delayed or non-urgent care during a mass causality.
START stands for Simple Triage And Rapid Treatment. Patients are triaged based on 4 factors:
The steps are:
So those that can leave are green, those that do not meet any of the START criteria are YELLOW, and those with any of the four factors are RED or DEAD.
Another great example of the generic drug name being so difficult to pronounce you have no choice but to say - Xarelto. The drug touts ease of use and no need for hematologic monitoring like Pradaxa. This drug has the same indication for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. It also is being used in DVT prophylaxis in hip and knee surgeries.
Differences:
- Selective Factor Xa inhibitor unlike Pradaxa which is a competetive direct thrombin inhibitor
- Once a day dosing instead of twice a day for Pradaxa
Same concerns:
- No real reversal but can use FFP in a pinch
- Recommend waiting 24 hrs DC med to perform surgical procedure - this includes LP. I am personally waiting for the first case report of LP performed in ED on a patient taking either Xarelto or Pradaxa with subsequent epidural hematoma. Someone is bound to miss this on the med list. Be careful.
Even if your hospital has not added it to its formulary, you will see patients on this drug in the ED.
1112281605_Abbreviated_NIH_Stroke_Scale.docx (98 Kb)
VBG to Assess Respiratory Function?
64 year old male with emphysema and stage 4 lung cancer presents in respiratory distress. What's the diagnosis?
Feeling a bit guilty about over-eating during these holidays? Here's a study that might make you feel just a tad bit better about those extra pounds. (Just a tad.)
Auer and colleagues reviewed coronary angiograms of over 1000 patients and correlated them with body fat percentage. After statistical analysis, they found that body fat was not associated with the presence (or absence) or severity (size of coronary lesions) of atherosclerosis in men or women. Furthermore, the results did not differ based on age.
What's the takeaway point? Simple: go ahead and have that second serving of ham and eat that extra slice of cake!
[disclaimer: This study has not necessarily been reproduced, and is not intended to give free license to gorge after the holidays are done. It is fully expected that starting on January 2 you will immediately forget all of the above and renew your commitment to a healthy lifestyle consisting of a bland diet and P90X or Insanity workouts on a daily basis. But until then, forget the guilt!]
The long head of the biceps originates from the glenoid tubercle and superior labrum.
Rupture of the proximal biceps tendon comprises 90-97% of all biceps ruptures
Often in men aged 40-60y
- Almost exclusively involves the long head.
- Aka "Popeye Arm" (distal contraction of the muscle belly)
- May be acutely traumatic or microtears & age associated degeneration
- Minimal loss of function because short head of biceps remains attached
- Many patients can be treated non operatively
- Most asymptomatic after 4-6 weeks
- Place in sling, ice, analgesia
- Refer to ortho for re-evaluation and determination of operative versus conservative management
http://imaging.birjournals.org/content/15/4/193/F7.large.jpg
