There are medications, if taken with ethanol, will cause a disulfiram reaction. This reaction results from inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase, the enzyme in ethanol metabolism that breaks acetaldehyde to acetic acid. The increase in acetaldehyde results in nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, flushing, palpitations and orthostatic hypotension. So if you prescribe a patient with any of these medications you must make certain to tell them NOT to drink any ethanol - that includes cough/cold preparations that have ethanol:
Antibiotics: Metronidazole(Flagyl), Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)
Sulfonylureas: Chlorpropamide and tolbutamide
These have possible reactions: griseofulvin, quinacrine, procarbazine, phentolamine, nitrofurantoin
Bonus Question: $10 Starbuck's Gift Card for first person that emails me with the answer to this question
What treatment could you give to someone suffering from a life threatening disulfiram reaction that biochemically should cure him?
The Importance of Antibiotic Timing for Sepsis and Septic Shock
Diagnosing Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-6 Pitfalls
1. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) doesn't always present as the "worst ever" headache. Don't most of our patients say their headache is the worst headache anyway? Be suspicious of the diagnosis if your patient has acute onset of an unusual or atypical headache. Diagnoses starts with the history.
2. The neuro exam may be completely normal in some cases, especially early on.
3. The headache due to SAH may get better with analgesics. This is a huge pitfall. Don't rule this diagnosis out if analgesics help.
4. The CT scan may be negative. Enough said.
5. Be careful with interpretation of the CSF. We all want the number of red cells in tube 4 to be zero. Be careful with this. Although the rbcs may have dropped by 50% from tubes 1 to 4, the diagnosis hasn't been excluded unless the cells clear completely. Although there have been some case reports of SAH with rbcs < 100, this is pretty uncommon.
6. CT Angiography and/or MRI with FLAIR is not a substitute for the lumbar puncture.
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Cervical Radiculopathy
The most commonly affected level is C7 (31-81%), followed by C6 (19-25%), C8 (4-12%) and C5 (2-14%)
Anterior compression can selectively affect motor fibers
Posterior compression can selectively affect sensory fibers
-More common due to posterior lateral disc herniation or facet degeneration
Signs and symptoms: Sensory complaints (findings are in a root distribution) and possible weakness and reflex changes.
In the past several years it has become common practice to use cuffed tubes for pediatric intubations. However, a recent study suggests that cuff pressures are not as well regulated in pediatric patients, particularly when the patients are quickly intubated prior to aeromedical transport. Cuff pressures >30 cm H2O are associated with tracheal damage, however, up to 41% of pediatric patients transferred had cuff pressures >30 cm H2O, and 30% of those had pressures >60 cm H2O!
So:
Check your cuff pressures in all patients, particularly prior to transport
Cuff pressures must be <30cm H2O
Recall that for years uncuffed tubes were the standard, so as long as effective ventilation is achieved, it is best to err on the low side...
If you work at a facility that routinely transfers out the sickest pediatric patients, you will save their life by securing an airway in this most stressful of circumstances, but careful attention to this seemingly small detail can save your patient from long term complications.
Most cases of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis result from either urinary (RTA) or gastrointestinal HCO3- losses (diarrhea). A number of xenobiotics can also cause this disorder:
Linezolid is used for gram-positive infections resistant to conventional therapy (e.g., Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus and Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus). Linezolid is an oxazolidinone, but more importantly it is a weak monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) and serotonin syndrome (e.g., altered mental status, neuromuscular abnormalities, autonomic instability) may occur when combined with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or with recent discontinuation of SSRI.
Be aware that the following drugs can precipitate serotonin syndrome when combined with Linezolid:
Mirtazpine Buproprion Fentanyl
Trazodone Buspirone Bromocryptine
Levodopa Lithium Amphetamines
Cocaine Codeine Reserpine
Ergots MAOI's
Got Symptomatic Hypertension? Why not try Fenoldopam?
Fenoldopam is a rapid-acting vasodilator.
Dosing (Adult): After a starting dose of 0.1 to 0.3 mcg/kg/minute, the dose is titrated at 15 minute intervals, depending on the BP response. May be increased in increments of 0.05 to 0.1 mcg/kg/minute every 15 minutes until target blood pressure is reached. Maximal infusion rate reported in clinical studies: 1.6 mcg/kg/minute.
Onset/duration: 5-10 minutes/~ 1 hour.
In order to minimize interruptions in compressions due to pulse checks, continuous end tidal CO2 (ETCO2) monitoring during compressions is recommended. Before spontaneous circulation returns, the ETCO2 is likely to be on the order of < 10 mmg Hg. At the moment spontaneous circulation returns, the ETCO2 is expected to abruptly increase to at least 35-40 mm Hg. Be wary, though, that the administration of sodium bicarbonate may transiently increase the ETCO2 even in the absence of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC).
Use of ETCO2 in this manner allows one to assess the patient for ROSC without ever having to stop compressions for pulse checks.
Dr. Corwell covered Spondyloysis in July 2010 https://umem.org/res_pearls_referenced.php?p=1134 but if you are like me you might have trouble remembering the differences between the following terms:
We've all been there. It's 2am, and a 4 week old with a temperature of 38.1 rolls in the door. You grab the LP kit and your "best holder." This person then holds the baby's head and neck flexed with one hand, while the other brings the bottom and legs up to the chest as much as possible...all, usually, without pulse oximetry monitoring.
Toxic Holiday Plants
Of the three plants listed, which is NOT poisonous?
1. Holly plant
2. Poinsettia
3. Mistletoe
Poinsettia plants were once thought to be very poisonous. Contrary to popular belief, poinsettias are safe to have in the home during the holidays.
Although there are reported cases of death with ingestion of Holly plants in older literature, recent experience shows gastrointestinal effects in small doses, and serious toxicity such as CNS depression in large ingestions.
Mistletoe ingestion of few of the berries would, at most, produce mild gastroenteritis; however, ingesting concentrated extracts of the plant, including the berries, may produce serious effects such as seizures, mental confusion, drowsiness, and hallucinations.
Happy holidays!
Beware Trendelenburg Positioning in the Critically Ill Obese Patient
In the second half of pregancy, we've traditionally learned that the gravid uterus compresses the inferior vena cava and therefore decreases cardiac output when patient is in a supine position. Therefore, we've learned that patients in the second half of pregnancy the patient should be placed in a left lateral tilt position.
However, it is difficult to perform good quality chest compressions when the patient is in a titled position.
Therefore, the optimal position for chest compressions on the patient in cardiac arrest in the second half of pregnancy is to have the patient in a supine position; and have another rescuer manually deflect the uterus to the patient's left side. This provides optimal compressions + optimal venous return.
Chief complaint: “Posterior heel pain”
http://www.aidmybursa.com/_img/ankle-retrocalcaneal-subcutaneous-bursitis.jpg
Retrocalcaneal bursitis
The retrocalcaneal bursa is located between the Achilles tendon and the posterior superior border of the calcaneus.
H&P: Inflammation and pain may follow repetitive dorsi/plantar flexion of the ankle (excessive running, jumping activities). Tenderness anterior and superior to the Achilles insertion on the heel.
Treatment: Minimize weight bearing. ½ inch elevation. NSAIDs.
Posterior calcaneal bursitis
This bursa is subcutaneous, just superficial to the insertion of the Achilles tendon.
H&P: Inflammation and pain may follow irritation from the upper border of the heel counter of a shoe. Posterior heel pain. Tender “bump” (the inflamed and swollen bursa) on the back of the heel.
http://podiatry.files.wordpress.com/2006/12/patient2.jpg
Treatment: Opened-heeled shoes, sandals, or placement of a “U-shaped” pad between the heel and the counter. NSAIDs. Advance to shoes with soft or less convex heel counters.
